한빛사 논문
Wonjun Yim, Kathryn Takemura, Jiajing Zhou, Jingcheng Zhou, Zhicheng Jin, Raina M. Borum, Ming Xu, Yong Cheng, Tengyu He, William Penny, Bill R. Miller III, and Jesse V. Jokerst*
Wonjun Yim
Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
Kathryn Takemura
ENSCO, Inc., 4849 North Wickham Road, Melbourne, Florida 32940, United States
Jiajing Zhou
Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
Jingcheng Zhou
Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
Zhicheng Jin
Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
Raina M. Borum
Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
Ming Xu
Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
Yong Cheng
Department of Nanoengineering, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States
Tengyu He
Materials Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
William Penny
Division of Cardiology, VA San Diego Healthcare System, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Drive, La Jolla, California 92093, United States
Bill R. Miller
Department of Chemistry, Truman State University, 100 East Normal Avenue, Kirkville, Missouri 63501, United States
*Corresponding Author : Jesse V. Jokerst
Materials Science and Engineering Program, Department of Nanoengineering, Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, 9500 Gilman Dr., La Jolla, California 92093, United States;
Abstract
Photoacoustic (PA) imaging has proved versatile for many biomedical applications from drug delivery tracking to disease diagnostics and postoperative surveillance. It recently emerged as a tool for accurate and real-time heparin monitoring to avoid bleeding complications associated with anticoagulant therapy. However, molecular-dye-based application is limited by high concentration requirements, photostability, and a strong background hemoglobin signal. We developed polydopamine nanocapsules (PNCs) via supramolecular templates and loaded them with molecular dyes for enhanced PA-mediated heparin detection. Depending on surface charge, the dye-loaded PNCs undergo disassembly or aggregation upon heparin recognition: both experiments and simulation have revealed that the increased PA signal mainly results from dye-loaded PNC–heparin aggregation. Importantly, Nile blue (NB)-loaded PNCs generated a 10-fold higher PA signal than free NB dye, and such PNC enabled the direct detection of heparin in a clinically relevant therapeutic window (0–4 U/mL) in whole human blood (R2 = 0.91). Furthermore, the PA signal of PNC@NB obtained from 17 patients linearly correlated with ACT values (R2 = 0.73) and cumulative heparin (R2 = 0.83). This PNC-based strategy for functional nanocapsules offers a versatile engineering platform for robust biomedical contrast agents and nanocarriers.
KEYWORDS: polydopamine, phenolic materials, small molecular dyes, photoacoustic imaging, heparin, biosensing
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