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Ronny Völz1,*, William Harris2, Heribert Hirt3,4 & Yong-Hwan Lee1,2,5,6,7,*
1Research Institute of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. 2Department of Agricultural Biotechnology, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. 3Center for Desert Agriculture, Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, Thuwal 23955-6900, Saudi Arabia. 4Max F. Perutz Laboratories, University of Vienna, 1030 Vienna, Austria. 5Center for Fungal Genetic Resources, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. 6Plant Immunity Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea. 7Center for Plant Microbiome Research, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea.
*Corresponding author.
Abstract
Sexual plant reproduction depends on the attraction of sperm-cell delivering pollen tubes (PT) by two synergids, followed by their programmed cell death (PCD) in Arabidopsis. Disruption of the mitogen-activated protein kinase 4 (MPK4) by pathogenic effectors activates the resistance protein (R) SUMM2-mediated immunity and cell death. Here we show that synergid preservation and reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis are intimately linked and maintained by MPK4. In mpk4, ROS levels are increased and synergids prematurely undergo PCD before PT-reception. However, ROS scavengers and the disruption of SUMM2, in mpk4, restore ROS homeostasis, synergid maintenance and PT perception, demonstrating that the guardian of MPK4, SUMM2, triggers synergid-PCD. In mpk4/summ2, PTs show a feronia-like overgrowth phenotype. Our results show that immunity-associated PCD and synergid cell death during plant reproduction are regulated by MPK4 underscoring an underlying molecular mechanism for the suppression of plant reproduction during systemic R-mediated immunity.
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