한빛사 논문
Priyanka Chopra1, Himanshu Chhillar1, Yu-Jin Kim2, Ick Hyun Jo3, Sun Tae Kim4,*, Ravi Gupta1,5,*
1Department of Botany, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard, New Delhi, India.
2Department of Life Science and Environmental Biochemistry, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
3Department of Herbal Crop Research, Rural Development Administration, Eumseong, South Korea.
4Department of Plant Bioscience, College of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, Pusan National University, Miryang, South Korea.
5Department of Forestry, Environment, and Systems, College of Science and Technology, Kookmin University, Seoul, South Korea.
*Correspondence
Abstract
Ginsenosides, a group of tetracyclic saponins, accounts for the nutraceutical and pharmaceutical relevance of the ginseng (Panax sp.) herb. Owing to the associated therapeutic potential of ginsenosides, their demand has been increased significantly in the last two decades. However, a slow growth cycle, low seed production, and long generation time of ginseng have created a gap between the demand and supply of ginsenosides. The biosynthesis of ginsenosides involves an intricate network of pathways with multiple oxidation and glycosylation reactions. However, the exact functions of some of the associated genes/proteins are still not completely deciphered. Moreover, ginsenoside estimation and extraction using analytical techniques are not feasible with high efficiency. The present review is a step forward in recapitulating the comprehensive aspects of ginsenosides including their distribution, structural diversity, biotransformation, and functional attributes in both plants and animals including humans. Moreover, ginsenoside biosynthesis in the potential plant sources and their metabolism in the human body along with major regulators and stimulators affecting ginsenoside biosynthesis have also been discussed. Furthermore, this review consolidates biotechnological interventions to enhance the biosynthesis of ginsenosides in their potential sources and advancements in the development of synthetic biosystems for efficient ginsenoside biosynthesis to meet their rising industrial demands.
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