한빛사 논문
Joohyung Leea,b,1, Paulo Pinares-Garciaa,b, Hannah Lokea, Seungmin Hama, Eric Vilainc,2, and Vincent R. Harleya,b,1
aBrain and Gender Laboratory, Hudson Institute of Medical Research, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; bDepartment of Anatomy and Developmental Biology, Monash University, Clayton, VIC 3168, Australia; and cDepartment of Human Genetics, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095
1To whom correspondence may be addressed.
2Present addresses: Center for Genetic Medicine Research, Children’s National Medical Center, Washington, DC 20010; and Department of Genomics and Precision Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC 20052.
Abstract
Parkinson’s disease (PD) is a debilitating neurodegenerative disorder caused by the loss of midbrain dopamine (DA) neurons. While the cause of DA cell loss in PD is unknown, male sex is a strong risk factor. Aside from the protective actions of sex hormones in females, emerging evidence suggests that sex-chromosome genes contribute to the male bias in PD. We previously showed that the Y-chromosome gene, SRY, directly regulates adult brain function in males independent of gonadal hormone influence. SRY protein colocalizes with DA neurons in the male substantia nigra, where it regulates DA biosynthesis and voluntary movement. Here we demonstrate that nigral SRY expression is highly and persistently up-regulated in animal and human cell culture models of PD. Remarkably, lowering nigral SRY expression with antisense oligonucleotides in male rats diminished motor deficits and nigral DA cell loss in 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA)-induced and rotenone-induced rat models of PD. The protective effect of the SRY antisense oligonucleotides was associated with male-specific attenuation of DNA damage, mitochondrial degradation, and neuroinflammation in the toxin-induced rat models of PD. Moreover, reducing nigral SRY expression diminished or removed the male bias in nigrostriatal degeneration, mitochondrial degradation, DNA damage, and neuroinflammation in the 6-OHDA rat model of PD, suggesting that SRY directly contributes to the sex differences in PD. These findings demonstrate that SRY directs a previously unrecognized male-specific mechanism of DA cell death and suggests that suppressing nigral Sry synthesis represents a sex-specific strategy to slow or prevent DA cell loss in PD.
brain sex differences, sex chromosome, transcription factor, inflammation, neuroprotection
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