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신호진Hojin Shin

Mayo Clinic

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Biosens. Bioelectron., Oct 24 2025, 293 S0956-5663(25)01028-0 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bios.2025.118151 A multimodal platform for real-time neurochemical and electrophysiologic monitoring for intraoperative neurosurgical applications

Hojin Shin ^{a b c 1}, Kristen M. Scheitler ^{a c d 1}, Juan M. Rojas Cabrera ^{c e}, Abhinav Goyal ^{c e}, Joshua B. Boesche ^f, Aaron E. Rusheen ^c, Jason Yuen ^c, Barbara Hanna ^c, Una Karanovic ^{c d}, Sara Vettleson-Trutza ^{c d}, Jennifer Tang-Cabrera ^c, Sheng-Ta Tsai ^c, Mohamed Elgohary ^c, Sara Hussein ^c, Shiyuan Wei^g, Lei Yuan ^h, Malcolm McIntosh ^f, Allen Rech f, Marie Reyes ^f, Warren O. Dennis ^f, Tyler J. Van Buren^f, Diane R. Eaker ^f, Graham Cameron^f, Matt E. Hainy ^f, Beverly J. Berghuis ^f, Christopher J. Kimble ^f, Kevin E. Bennet ^{a c f i}, Basel Sharaf ^j, Tyler S. Oesterle^k, Xiaoke Chen ^h, Zhenan Bao ^g, Jaeyun Sung ^{c l}, Dong Pyo Jang ^m, Charles D. Blaha ^{a c}, Yoonbae Oh ^{a b c i n *}, Kendall H. Lee ^{a b c i *}

^aDepartment of Neurologic Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^bDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^cNeural Engineering and Precision Surgery Laboratories, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^dGraduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^eMedical Scientist Training Program, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^fDivision of Engineering, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^gDepartment of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
^hDepartment of Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, 94305, USA
ⁱNaviNetics NeuroModulation, Inc., Rochester, MN, 55904, USA
^jDivision of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^kDepartment of Psychiatry and Psychology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^lDepartment of Quantitative Health Sciences, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
^mDepartment of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 04763, South Korea
ⁿDepartment of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea University, Seoul, 02841, South Korea

¹These authors contributed equally

^*Corresponding authors: correspondence to Yoonbae Oh or Kendall H. Lee

Abstract

Understanding human brain function requires tools capable of capturing the interplay between electrical activity and neurochemical signaling in real time. Current approaches measure electrophysiology or neurotransmitter dynamics in isolation and lack the spatiotemporal resolution needed for intraoperative human studies. We developed the Multifunctional Apparatus for Voltammetry, Electrophysiology, and Neuromodulation (MAVEN), a compact, battery-powered platform, to overcome these limitations and enable concurrent electrophysiological recordings, phasic and tonic neurochemical sensing, and programmable neurostimulation delivery. Herein, we present the preclinical validation of MAVEN in small- and large-animal models using addictive substances to elicit robust changes in dopamine and serotonin dynamics while also delivering programmable neurostimulation. Across models, MAVEN minimized stimulation artifacts and provided stable multimodal readouts, establishing feasibility and safety for real-time monitoring. Designed for both basic and clinical neuroscience, MAVEN enables investigations into DBS mechanisms, the neurochemical basis of neuropsychiatric disorders, and the potential role of neurotransmitters as actionable biomarkers for closed-loop neuromodulation. This has immediate relevance in the era of personalized neuromodulation and overcomes prior technical limitations that precluded direct investigation of human disease.

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