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Nat. Commun., Published: 02 September 2025 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-025-63649-y Fully biocompatible, thermally drawn fiber supercapacitors for long-term bio-implantation

Sungha Jeon^1,2,10, Hyeonyeob Seo^2,10, Yeji Kim^2,10, Youngin Choi³, Youngbin Lee¹, Youngmin Jung⁴, Somin Lee⁵, Jung Tae Lee⁶ & Seongjun Park^1,7,8,9

¹Medical Research Center, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
²Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
³Department of Biomedical Sciences, Graduate School of Biomedical Science and Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁴School of Transdisciplinary Studies, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
⁵Program of Brain and Cognitive Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology (KAIST), Daejeon, Republic of Korea.
⁶Department of Plant and Environmental New Resources, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea.
⁷School of Transdisciplinary Innovations, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁸Department of Biomedical Science, College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
⁹Interdisciplinary Program in Bioengineering, College of Engineering, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
¹⁰These authors contributed equally: Sungha Jeon, Hyeonyeob Seo, Yeji Kim.

Corresponding authors
Correspondence to Jung Tae Lee or Seongjun Park.

Abstract

Recent advancements in implantable bioelectronic devices have increased the demand for biocompatible energy sources with long-term electrochemical and mechanical stability. Here, we present a tough hydrogel-based supercapacitor (THBS) fiber, fabricated via a thermal drawing process (TDP), that enables the integration of all components—electrodes, electrolyte, current collectors, and encapsulation—into a single, unified, and mechanically robust fiber-shaped architecture. Through thermal/mechanical optimization and the incorporation of self-healing properties, THBS fibers exhibit durable, high electrochemical performance under dynamic, high-curvature deformations mimicking in vivo physiological motions. Despite a thickness of only a few hundred microns, they maintain mechanical and electrochemical stability. Long-term functionality was confirmed over five weeks with minimal immune response. In vivo implantation demonstrated successful LED operation in a freely moving mouse, and successful optogenetic stimulation of both central and peripheral nervous systems. These results underscore the promise of THBS fibers as next-generation, fully biocompatible energy storage devices for advanced implantable bioelectronic systems.

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