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Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, May 06 2025, 122 (18) | https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2424405122 A responsive living material prepared by diffusion reveals extracellular enzyme activity of cyanobacteria

Lisa Tang ^{1 †}, Nathan T Soulier^{2 †}, Rebecca Wheeler ¹, Jonathan K Pokorski ¹, James W Golden ², Susan S Golden ^{2 *}, Jinhye Bae ^{1 3 *}

¹Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
²Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093.
³Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06794, Republic of Korea.

^†These authors contributed equally
^*Corresponding authors: correspondence to Susan S Golden or Jinhye Bae

Abstract

Stimuli-responsive engineered living materials (ELMs) can respond to environmental or biochemical cues and have broad utility in biological sensors and machines, but have traditionally been limited to biocompatible scaffolds. This is because they are typically made by mixing cells into a precursor solution before crosslinking. Here, we demonstrate a diffusion mechanism for incorporating cells of the cyanobacterium Synechococcus elongatus sp. PCC 7942 (S. elongatus) into nanoclay-poly-N-isopropylacrylamide (NC-PNIPAm), a hydrogel with a cytotoxic precursor, by exploiting its temperature-dependent shape-morphing behavior. Subsequent growth of S. elongatus caused a decrease in the bending curvature and stiffness (local Young's modulus) of NC-PNIPAm due to partial degradation by an unannotated enzyme. Creation and observation of this cyanobacteria-hydrogel ELM showcases a method for diffusing cells into a hydrogel as well as characterizing an extracellular enzyme.

논문정보

형식Research article
게재일2025년 05월 (BRIC 등록일 2025-05-07)
연구진국내(교신)+국외 연구진
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