Hong Huy Tran 1,2,3,4, Zhenting Xiang 1,2,4, Min Jun Oh 1,2,3,4, Yuan Liu 1,2,5, Zhi Ren 1,2,4, Chider Chen 6, Nadasinee Jaruchotiratanasakul 1,2,7,8, James M Kikkawa 9, Daeyeon Lee 1,3, Hyun Koo 1,2,4,10, Edward Steager 1,2,11
1Center for Innovation & Precision Dentistry, School of Dental Medicine, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
2Biofilm Research Laboratories, Levy Center for Oral Health, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
3Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
4Department of Orthodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
5Department of Preventive and Restorative Sciences, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
6Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Pharmacology, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
7Department of Endodontics, School of Dental Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
8Department of Operative Dentistry and Endodontics, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
9Department of Physics and Astronomy, School of Arts and Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
10Department of Bioengineering, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
11GRASP Laboratory, School of Engineering and Applied Science, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, United States.
Corresponding Authors: Daeyeon Lee, Hyun Koo, Edward Steager