France Denoeud,1,60 Olivier Godfroy,2,60 Corinne Cruaud,3,61 Svenja Heesch,4,51,61 Zofia Nehr,4,61 Nachida Tadrent,1,52,61 Arnaud Couloux,1,61 Loraine Brillet-Gue´ guen,5,6,61 Ludovic Delage,7,61 Dean Mckeown,6,61 Taizo Motomura,8,62 Duncan Sussfeld,1,9,62 Xiao Fan,10,11,62 Lisa Maze´ as,2,62 Nicolas Terrapon,12,13,62 Josue´ Barrera-Redondo,14,62 Romy Petroll,14,62 Lauric Reynes,15,62 Seok-Wan Choi,16,62 Jihoon Jo,16,62 Kavitha Uthanumallian,17,62 Kenny Bogaert,18,53,62 Ce´ line Duc,19,62 Pe´ lagie Ratchinski,4,62 Agnieszka Lipinska,4,14,62 Benjamin Noel,1,62 Eleanor A. Murphy,20,21,62 Martin Lohr,22,62 Ananya Khatei,23,54,62 Pauline Hamon-Giraud,24,62 Christophe Vieira,25,62 Komlan Avia,26,62 Svea Sanja Akerfors,22 Shingo Akita,27 Yacine Badis,4 Tristan Barbeyron,2 Arnaud Belcour,24,55 Wahiba Berrabah,1 Samuel Blanquart,24 Ahlem Bouguerba-Collin,2 Trevor Bringloe,28 Rose Ann Cattolico,29 Alexandre Cormier,30 Helena Cruz de Carvalho,31,32 Romain Dallet,6 Olivier De Clerck,18 Ahmed Debit,31 Erwan Denis,1 Christophe Destombe,15 Erica Dinatale,14 Simon Dittami,7 Elodie Drula,12,13 Sylvain Faugeron,33 Jeanne Got,24 Louis Graf,16 Agne` s Groisillier,19 Marie-Laure Guillemin,15,34,35 Lars Harms,36 William John Hatchett,37 Bernard Henrissat,38 Galice Hoarau,37 Chloe´ Jollivet,2 Alexander Jueterbock,23 Ehsan Kayal,6,56 Andrew H. Knoll,39 Kazuhiro Kogame,40 Arthur Le Bars,6,41 Catherine Leblanc,7 Line Le Gall,9 Ronja Ley,22 Xi Liu,6 Steven T. LoDuca,42 Pascal Jean Lopez,43 Philippe Lopez,9 Eric Manirakiza,19 Karine Massau,6 Ste´ phane Mauger,15,57 Laetitia Mest,4,58 Gurvan Michel,2 Catia Monteiro,7 Chikako Nagasato,8 Delphine Ne` gre,6,59 Eric Pelletier,1 Naomi Phillips,44 Philippe Potin,7 Stefan A. Rensing,45 Ellyn Rousselot,19 Sylvie Rousvoal,7 Declan Schroeder,46 Delphine Scornet,4 Anne Siegel,24 Leila Tirichine,19 Thierry Tonon,47 Klaus Valentin,36 Heroen Verbruggen,28 Florian Weinberger,48 Glen Wheeler,21 Hiroshi Kawai,49,63,* Akira F. Peters,50,63,* Hwan Su Yoon,16,63,* Ce´ cile Herve´,2,63,* Naihao Ye,10,11,63,* Eric Bapteste,9,63,* Myriam Valero,15,63,* Gabriel V. Markov,7,63,* Erwan Corre,6,63,* Susana M. Coelho,14,63,* Patrick Wincker,1,63,* Jean-Marc Aury,1,63,* and J. Mark Cock4,64,*
1Ge´ nomique Me´ tabolique, Genoscope, Institut Franc¸ ois Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Universite´ Evry, Universite´ Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
2Sorbonne Universite´ , CNRS, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
3Genoscope, Institut Franc¸ ois Jacob, CEA, CNRS, Univ Evry, Universite´ Paris-Saclay, Evry 91057, France
4Sorbonne Universite´ , CNRS, Algal Genetics Group, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
5CNRS, UMR 8227, Laboratory of Integrative Biology of Marine Models, Sorbonne Universite´ , Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
6CNRS, Sorbonne Universite´ , FR2424, ABiMS-IFB, Station Biologique, Roscoff, France
7Sorbonne Universite´ , CNRS, UMR 8227, ABIE Team, Integrative Biology of Marine Models Laboratory, Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff, France
8Muroran Marine Station, Hokkaido University, Muroran, Japan
9Institut de Syste´ matique, Evolution, Biodiversite´ (ISYEB), UMR 7205, Sorbonne Universite´ , CNRS, Museum, Paris, France
10State Key Laboratory of Mariculture Biobreeding and Sustainable Goods, Yellow Sea Fisheries Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong 266071, China
11Laboratory for Marine Fisheries Science and Food Production Processes, Laoshan Laboratory, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, China
12Aix Marseille University, CNRS, UMR 7257 AFMB, Marseille, France
13INRAE, USC 1408 AFMB, Marseille, France
14Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Max-Planck-Ring 5, 72076 Tu¨ bingen, Germany
15IRL 3614, UMR 7144, DISEEM, CNRS, Sorbonne Universite´ , Station Biologique de Roscoff, Roscoff 29688, France
16Department of Biological Sciences, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Republic of Korea
17University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
18Phycology Research Group, Ghent University, Krijgslaan 281 S8, 9000 Ghent, Belgium
19Nantes Universite´ , CNRS, US2B, UMR 6286, 44000 Nantes, France
20University of Bristol, Bristol, UK
21Marine Biological Association, Plymouth, UK
22Johannes Gutenberg University, Mainz, Germany
23Algal and Microbial Biotechnology Division, Nord University, Bodø, Norway
24University of Rennes, Inria, CNRS, IRISA, Equipe Dyliss, Rennes, France
25Research Institute for Basic Sciences, Jeju National University, Jeju 63243, Republic of Korea
26INRAE, Universite´ de Strasbourg, UMR SVQV, 68000 Colmar, France
27Faculty of Fisheries Sciences, Hokkaido University, Minato-cho 3-1-1, Hakodate, Hokkaido 041-8611, Japan
28University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
29University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
30Ifremer, IRSI, SeBiMER Service de Bioinformatique de l’Ifremer, 29280 Plouzane´ , France
31Institut de Biologie de l’ENS (IBENS), De´ partement de Biologie, E´ cole normale supe´rieure, CNRS, INSERM, Universite´ PSL, 75005 Paris, France
32Universite´ Paris Est-Cre´ teil (UPEC), Faculte´ des Sciences et Technologie, 61, Avenue du Ge´ ne´ral De Gaulle, 94000 Cre´ teil, France
33Facultad de Ciencias Biolo´ gicas, Pontificia Universidad Cato´ lica de Chile, Santiago, Chile
34Nu´ cleo Milenio MASH, Instituto de Ciencias Ambientales y Evolutivas, Facultad de Ciencias, Universidad Austral de Chile, Valdivia, Chile
35Centro FONDAP de Investigacio´ n en Dina´ mica de Ecosistemas Marinos de Altas Latitudes (IDEAL), Valdivia, Chile
36Alfred Wegener Institute (AWI), Bremenhaven, Germany
37Nord University, Bodø, Norway
38Department of Biotechnology and Biomedicine, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs Lyngby, Denmark
39Department of Organismic and Evolutionary Biology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
40Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, Hokkaido University, Sapporo 060-0810, Japan
41CNRS, Institut Franc¸ ais de Bioinformatique, IFB-core, E´ vry, France
42Department of Geography and Geology, Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, MI 48197, USA
43Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique, UMR BOREA MNHN/CNRS-8067/SU/IRD/Universite´ de Caen Normandie/Universite´ des Antilles, Plouzane´ , France
44Biology Department, Arcadia University, Glenside, PA, USA
45University of Freiburg, Freiburg im Breisgau, Germany
46University of Minnesota, St. Paul, MN, USA
47Centre for Novel Agricultural Products (CNAP), Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK
48GEOMAR Helmholtz Centre for Ocean Research, Kiel, Germany
49Kobe University Research Center for Inland Seas, Kobe, Japan
50Bezhin Rosko, 29250 Santec, France
51Present address: Applied Ecology & Phycology, Institute for Biosciences, University of Rostock, Albert-Einstein-Strasse 3, 18059 Rostock, Germany
52Present address: Institut de Recherche sur la Biologie de l’Insecte, UMR 7261, CNRS, Universite´ de Tours, Tours 37200, France
53Present address: Department of Algal Development and Evolution, Max Planck Institute for Biology, Tu¨ bingen 72076, Germany
54Present address: ICAR-Directorate of Coldwater Fisheries Research, Bhimtal, India
55Present address: Univ. Grenoble Alpes, Inria, 38000 Grenoble, France
56Present address: Department of Ecology, Evolution, and Organismal Biology, Iowa State University, Ames, IA, USA
57Present address: CNRS, La Rochelle Universite´ , UMR7266, Littoral Environnement et Socie´te´ s, La Rochelle, France
58Present address: Vegenov, Saint Pol de Le´ on, France
59Present address: Nantes Universite´ , Institut des Substances et Organismes de la Mer, ISOMer, UR 2160, Nantes, France
60These authors contributed equally
61These authors contributed equally
62These authors contributed equally
63Senior author
64Lead contact
*Correspondence: H.K., A.F.P., H.S.Y., C.H., N.Y., E.B., M.V., G.V.M., E.C., S.M.C., P.W., J.-M.A., J.M.C.