Xiaobo Mao^1,2,3,25, Hao Gu^1,2,16,17,25, Donghoon Kim^1,2,20,25, Yasuyoshi Kimura^1,2, Ning Wang^1,2, Enquan Xu^1,2, Ramhari Kumbhar^1,2,3, Xiaotian Ming^1,2, Haibo Wang^1,2, Chan Chen^1,2,18, Shengnan Zhang⁴, Chunyu Jia^4,5, Yuqing Liu^1,2, Hetao Bian^1,2, Senthilkumar S. Karuppagounder^1,2, Fatih Akkentli^1,2,3, Qi Chen^1,2, Longgang Jia^1,2, Heehong Hwang^1,2, Su Hyun Lee^1,2, Xiyu Ke^6,7, Michael Chang^1,2, Amanda Li^1,2, Jun Yang^1,2, Cyrus Rastegar^1,2, Manjari Sriparna^1,2, Preston Ge^1,2,19,23,24, Saurav Brahmachari^1,2, Sangjune Kim^1,2,21, Shu Zhang^1,2, Yasushi Shimoda⁸, Martina Saar⁹, Haiqing Liu^1,2,22, Sin Ho Kweon^1,2, Mingyao Ying^2,10, Creg J. Workman¹¹, Dario A. A. Vignali^11,12, Ulrike C. Muller⁹, Cong Liu⁴, Han Seok Ko^1,2,3, Valina L. Dawson^1,2,3,13,14 & Ted M. Dawson^1,2,3,14,15

¹Neuroregeneration and Stem Cell Programs, Institute for Cell Engineering, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA.

²Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 

³Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, LA 70130-2685, USA. 

⁴Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biology and Chemistry, Shanghai Institute of Organic Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 26 Qiuyue Road, Shanghai 201210, China. 

⁵University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, 19 A Yuquan Road, Shijingshan District, Beijing 100049, China. 

⁶Institute for NanoBioTechnology, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. 

⁷Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Whiting School of Engineering, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD 21218, USA. 

⁸Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomiokamachi, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan. 

⁹Institute for Pharmacy and Molecular Biotechnology IPMB, Department of Functional Genomics, University of Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 364, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany. 

¹⁰Hugo W. Moser Research Institute at Kennedy Krieger, 707 North Broadway, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 

¹¹Department of Immunology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, PA 15261, USA. 

¹²Tumor Microenvironment Center, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Pittsburgh, PA 15232, USA. 

¹³Department of Physiology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 

¹⁴Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 

¹⁵Department of Pharmacology and Molecular Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA. 

¹⁶Present address: Department of Neurology, Nanjing Brain Hospital, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210029, PR China. 

¹⁷Present address: Medical College, Yangzhou University, Yangzhou, Jiangsu 225001, PR China. 

¹⁸Present address: Department of Anesthesiology, West China Hospital, Sichuan University. The Research Units of West China(2018RU012)-Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, PR China. 

¹⁹Present address: Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 

²⁰Present address: Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, Dong-A University, 32 Daesin Gongwwon-ro, Seo-gu, Busan 49201, Republic of Korea. 

²¹Present address: Department of Biological Science and Biotechnology, Chungbuk National University, Cheongju, Chungbuk 28644, Republic of Korea. 

²²Present address: Department of Physiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences (Institute of Basic Medical Sciences), Shandong First Medical University & Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan 250000, China. 

²³Present address: Picower Institute for Learning and Memory, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA. 

²⁴Present address: Harvard-MIT MD/PhD Program, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA. 

²⁵These authors contributed equally: Xiaobo Mao, Hao Gu, Donghoon Kim.

Corresponding authors

Correspondence to Xiaobo Mao, Han Seok Ko, Valina L. Dawson or Ted M. Dawson.