Bo-Gyeom Kim 1,146, Gakyung Kim 2,146, Yoshinari Abe 3, Pino Alonso 4,5,6, Stephanie Ameis 7,8,9, Alan Anticevic 10, Paul D. Arnold 11,12, Srinivas Balachander 13, Nerisa Banaj 14, Nuria Bargalló 15,16, Marcelo C. Batistuzzo 17,18, Francesco Benedetti 19,20, Sara Bertolín 5,21, Jan Carl Beucke22,23,24, Irene Bollettini 20, Silvia Brem25,26, Brian P. Brennan 27,28, Jan K. Buitelaar 29,30, Rosa Calvo 5,31,32,33, Miguel Castelo-Branco34,35,36, Yuqi Cheng37, Ritu Bhusal Chhatkuli38,39, Valentina Ciullo14, Ana Coelho40,41,42, Beatriz Couto40,41,42, Sara Dallaspezia43, Benjamin A. Ely 44, Sónia Ferreira40,41,42, Martine Fontaine45, Jean-Paul Fouche46, Rachael Grazioplene 10, Patricia Gruner10, Kristen Hagen47,48, Bjarne Hansen48,49, Gregory L. Hanna50, Yoshiyuki Hirano 38,39, Marcelo Q. Höxter17, Morgan Hough51, Hao Hu52, Chaim Huyser 53,54, Toshikazu Ikuta 55, Neda Jahanshad56, Anthony James 57, Fern Jaspers-Fayer 58,59, Selina Kasprzak60,61, Norbert Kathmann22, Christian Kaufmann22, Minah Kim 62,63, Kathrin Koch 64,65, Gerd Kvale48,66, Jun Soo Kwon 63,67,68, Luisa Lazaro 5,31,32,33, Junhee Lee 62,69, Christine Lochner 70, Jin Lu71, Daniela Rodriguez Manrique64,65,72, Ignacio Martínez-Zalacaín 4,73, Yoshitada Masuda74, Koji Matsumoto74, Maria Paula Maziero75,76, Jose M. Menchón 4,5,6, Luciano Minuzzi77,78, Pedro Silva Moreira 40,41,79, Pedro Morgado40,41,42, Janardhanan C. Narayanaswamy13, Jin Narumoto80, Ana E. Ortiz31,32,33, Junko Ota38,39, Jose C. Pariente 16, Chris Perriello81, Maria Picó-Pérez 40,41,82, Christopher Pittenger 10,83,84,85, Sara Poletti 20, Eva Real5,6, Y. C. Janardhan Reddy13, Daan van Rooij86, Yuki Sakai 80,87, João Ricardo Sato88,89, Cinto Segalas5,6, Roseli G. Shavitt90, Zonglin Shen37, Eiji Shimizu 38,39,91, Venkataram Shivakumar92, Carles Soriano-Mas 5,6,93, Nuno Sousa 40,41,42, Mafalda Machado Sousa40,41,42, Gianfranco Spalletta14,94, Emily R. Stern95,96, S. Evelyn Stewart 58,97,98, Philip R. Szeszko99,100, Rajat Thomas101, Sophia I. Thomopoulos56, Daniela Vecchio14, Ganesan Venkatasubramanian13, Chris Vriend60,61,102, Susanne Walitza25,26, Zhen Wang 103, Anri Watanabe 80, Lidewij Wolters104, Jian Xu105, Kei Yamada106, Je-Yeon Yun 107,108, Mojtaba Zarei109, Qing Zhao103, Xi Zhu110,111 and , ENIGMA-OCD Working Group*, Paul M. Thompson56, Willem B. Bruin102,112, Guido A. van Wingen 102,112, Federica Piras14, Fabrizio Piras 14, Dan J. Stein 113,114, Odile A. van den Heuvel 60,61, Helen Blair Simpson45, Rachel Marsh 45 and Jiook Cha 1,2

1Department of Psychology, College of Social Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

2Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

3Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Department of Psychiatry, Kyoto City, Japan. 

4Bellvitge Biomedical Research Insitute-IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. 

5CIBER of Mental Health (CIBERSAM), Carlos III Health Institute, Madrid, Spain. 

6Department of Clinical Sciences, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 

7The Margaret and Wallace McCain Centre for Child, Youth & Family Mental Health and Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, ON, Canada. 

8Department of Psychiatry, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 

9Program in Neurosciences and Mental Health, The Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada. 

10Department of Psychiatry, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510, USA. 

11The Mathison Centre for Mental Health Research & Education, Hotchkiss Brain Institute, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 

12Departments of Psychiatry and Medical Genetics, Cumming School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada. 

13OCD clinic, Department of Psychiatry, National Institute of Mental Health And Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bangalore, India. 

14Laboratory of Neuropsychiatry, Department of Clinical and Neuroscience and Neurorehabilitation, IRCCS Santa Lucia Foundation, Rome, Italy. 

15Center of Image Diagnostic, Hospital Clínic de Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 

16Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. 

17Departamento e Instituto de Psiquiatria do Hospital das Clinicas, IPQ HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. 

18Department of Methods and Techniques in Psychology, Pontifical Catholic University, São Paulo, SP, Brazil. 

19Vita-Salute San Raffaele University, Milano, Italy. 

20Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology, Division of Neuroscience, IRCCS Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. 

21Bellvitge Biomedical Research Institute-IDIBELL, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. 

22Department of Psychology, Humboldt-Universitat zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 

23Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 

24Department of Medical Psychology, Medical School Hamburg, Hamburg, Germany. 

25Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, University Hospital of Psychiatry Zurich, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 

26Neuroscience Center Zurich, University of Zurich and ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland. 

27McLean Hospital, Belmont, MA, USA. 

28Department of Psychiatry, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 

29Radboudumc, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 

30Karakter Child and Adolescent Psychiatry University Center, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 

31Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Institute of Neurosciences, Hospital Clínic Universitari, Barcelona, Spain. 

32Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain. 

33Department of Medicine, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 

34Coimbra Institute for Biomedical Imaging and Translational Research (CIBIT), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. 

35Institute for Nuclear Sciences Applied to Health (ICNAS), University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. 

36Faculty of Medicine, University of Coimbra, 3000-548 Coimbra, Portugal. 

37Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China. 

38Research Center for Child Mental Development, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 

39United Graduate School of Child Development, Osaka University, Kanazawa University, Hamamatsu University, Chiba University and University of Fukui, Suita, Japan. 

40Life and Health Sciences Research Institute (ICVS), School of Medicine, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. 

41ICVS/3B’s, PT Government Associate Laboratory, Braga/Guimaraes, Portugal. 42Clinical Academic Center - Braga, Braga, Portugal. 

43Psychiatry & Clinical Psychobiology Unit, Division of Neuroscience, Scientific Institute Ospedale San Raffaele, Milano, Italy. 

44Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, USA. 

45Columbia University Medical College, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA. 

46SAMRC Genomics of Brain Disorders Unit, Department of Psychiatry, Cape Town, South Africa. 

47Hospital of Molde, Møre og Romsdal Hospital Trust, Molde, Norway. 

48Bergen Center for Brain Plasticity, Haukeland University Hospital, Bergen, Norway. 

49Centre for Crisis Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 

50Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA. 

51Highfield Unit Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Warneford Lane, Headington, Oxford, Oxfordshire OX3 7JX, UK. 

52Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai, China. 

53Levvel, academic center for child and adolescent care, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

54Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Amsterdam UMC, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

55Department of Communication Sciences and Disorders, University of Mississippi, Oxford, MS, USA. 

56Imaging Genetics Center, Mark and Mary Stevens Neuroimaging and Informatics Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Marina del Rey, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 57Department of Psychiatry University of Oxford, Warneford Hospital, Oxford OX3 7JX, UK. 

58Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 

59BC Children’s Hospital Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 

60Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

61Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anatomy and Neurosciences, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

62Department of Neuropsychiatry, Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

63Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

64TUMNeuroimaging Center (TUM-NIC) of Klinikum rechts der Isar, Technische Universitat Munchen, München, Germany. 

65Department of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, School of Medicine, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany. 

66Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Bergen, Bergen, Norway. 

67Department of Brain and Cognitive Sciences, Seoul National University College of Natural Sciences, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

68Institute of Human Behavioral Medicine, SNU-MRC, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

69Department of Psychiatry, Uijeongbu Eulji Medical Center, Uijeongbu, Republic of Korea. 

70SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry, Stellenbosch University, Stellenbosch, South Africa. 

71Department of Psychiatry, First Affiliated Hospitalof Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China. 

72Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-University, Munich, Germany. 

73Department of Radiology, Bellvitge University Hospital, Barcelona, Spain. 

74Chiba University Hospital, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 

75LIM 23, Instituto de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas da Faculdade de Medicina da Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

76Faculty of Medicine, City University of Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil. 

77Anxiety Treatment and Research Clinic, St. Joseph’s Hamilton Healthcare, Hamilton, ON, Canada. 

78Dapartmente of Psychiatry and Behavioural Neurosciences, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. 

79Psychological Neuroscience Lab, CIPsi, School of Psychology, University of Minho, Braga, Portugal. 

80Department of Psychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. 

81University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL, USA. 

82Departamento de Psicología Básica, Clínica y Psicobiología, Universitat Jaume I, Castelló de la Plana, Spain. 

83Department of Psychology, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. 

84Child Study Center, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. 

85Center for Brain and Mind Health, Yale University, New Haven, CT, USA. 

86Radboud University Medical Center, Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behavior, Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Nijmegen, The Netherlands. 

87ATR Brain Information Communication Research Laboratory Group, Kyoto, Japan. 

88Center of Mathematics, Computing and Cognition, Universidade Federal do ABC, Santo André, Brazil. 

89Big Data, Hospital Israelita Albert Einstein, São Paulo, Brazil. 

90Departamento de Psiquiatria, Hospital das Clinicas HCFMUSP, Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, Brazil. 

91Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 

92National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, Department of Integrative Medicine, Bengaluru, India. 

93Department of Social Psychology and Quantitative Psychology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 

94Division of Neuropsychiatry, Menninger Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Science, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA. 

95Department of Psychiatry, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA. 

96Clinical Research, Nathan Kline Institute for Psychiatric Research, Orangeburg, NY, USA. 

97British Columbia Children’s Hospital, Psychiatry, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 

98British Columbia Mental Health and Substance Use Services Research Institute, Vancouver, BC, Canada. 

99Departments of Psychiatry and Neuroscience, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA. 

100Mental Illness Research, Education and Clinical Center, James J. Peters VA Medical Center, Bronx, NY, USA. 

101Weill-Cornell Medicine Qatar, Education City, Doha, Qatar. 

102Amsterdam Neuroscience, Compulsivity, Impulsivity & Attention program, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

103Shanghai Mental Health Center, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China. 

104Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU), Faculty of Medicine, Regional Centre for Child and Youth Mental Health and Child Welfare (RKBU Central Norway), Klostergata 46, 7030 Trondheim, Norway. 

105Department of Internal Medicine, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China. 

106Department of Radiology, Graduate School of Medical Science, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan. 

107Seoul National University Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

108Yeongeon Student Support Center, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. 

109Institute of Medical Science and Technology, Shahid Beheshti University, Tehran, Iran. 

110Department of Psychiatry, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA. 

111New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York, NY, USA. 

112Amsterdam UMC, Universiteit van Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

113Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 

114SAMRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Cape Town, South Africa. 

115CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain. 

116Gerontology Research Centre, Simon Fraser University, Burnaby, BC, Canada. 

117Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of

Psychiatry, Department of Anatomy & Neurosciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

118Department of Women’s & Children’s Health, Center for Psychiatry Research, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. 

119Magnetic Resonance Image Center, First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, China. 

120Department of Cognitive Behavioral Physiology, Graduate School of Medicine and School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan. 

121Psychiatry Neuroimaging Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA. 

122SA MRC Unit on Risk & Resilience in Mental Disorders, Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 

123Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

124Division of Neurosciences & Clinical Translation, Temerty Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada. 

125Department of Neuropsychiatry, Graduate School of Medical Sciences, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan. 

126Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health and Neuroscience Institute, Brain Behaviour Unit, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa. 

127Department of Bio and Brain Engineering, Korea Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Daejeon, Republic of Korea. 

128Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

129Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit, Department of Psychiatry, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. 

130Department of Basic Clinical Practice, Pharmacology Unit, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain. 

131IDIBAPS, Barcelona, Spain. 

132Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de salud mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain. 

133QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia. 

134Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychology, Hospital Clínic of Barcelona. CIBERSAM, Barcelona, Spain. 

135Texas State University, Austin, TX, USA. 

136The National Institutes of Health (NIH), Bethesda, MD, USA. 

137Department of Psychiatry, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 

138Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Jane & Terry Semel Institute For Neurosciences, University of California, Los Angeles, CA, USA. 

139Pediatric OCD Consultation Clinic, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. 

140Anxiety Treatment and Research Center, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON, Canada. 

141Institute of Living, Hartford, CT, USA. 142Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA. 

143Department of Psychiatry, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China. 

144Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry and Psychotherapy, TU Dresden, Dresden, Germany. 

145Department of Psychology, MSB Medical School Berlin, Berlin, Germany. 

146These authors contributed equally: Bo-Gyeom Kim, Gakyung Kim.

Corresponding author : Correspondence to Jiook Cha.