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J. Hazard. Mater., Oct 05 2023, 459 S0304-3894(23)01578-9 | https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.132295 Size- and oxidative potential-dependent toxicity of environmentally relevant expanded polystyrene styrofoam microplastics to macrophages

Soyeon Jeon ^a,1, Jun Hui Jeon ^b,1, Jiyoung Jeong ^a, Gyuri Kim ^a, Sinuk Lee ^a, Songyeon Kim ^a, Muthuchamy Maruthupandy ^a, Kyuhong Lee ^c, Sung Ik Yang b, Wan-Seob Cho ^a

^aLab of Toxicology, Department of Health Sciences, The Graduate School of Dong-A University, 37, Nakdong-daero 550 beon-gil, Saha-gu, Busan 49315, Republic of Korea

^bDepartment of Applied Chemistry, Kyung Hee University, Yongin-si 17104, Republic of Korea

^cInhalation Toxicology Center for Airborne Risk Factor, Korea Institute of Toxicology, 30 Baehak1-gil, Jeongeup, Jeollabuk-do 56212, Republic of Korea

¹SJ and JHJ contributed equally to this work.

Correspondence to: Sung Ik Yang, Wan-Seob Cho

Abstract

Expanded polystyrene (EPS), also known as Styrofoam, is a widespread global pollutant, and its lightweight floating property increases its chances of weathering by abrasion and ultraviolet (UV) irradiation, resulting in microplastics. Herein, we investigated the effects of particle size ((1 µm versus 10 µm), UV irradiation (pristine versus UV oxidation), and origin (secondary versus primary) on the toxicity of Styrofoam microplastics. The target cells used in this study were selected based on human exposure-relevant cell lines: differentiated THP-1 cells for macrophages, Caco-2 for enterocytes, HepG2 for hepatocytes, and A549 for alveolar epithelial cells. In the differentiated THP-1 cells, the levels of cytotoxicity and inflammatory cytokines showed size- (1 µm > 10 µm), UV oxidation- (UV > pristine), and origin- (secondary > primary) dependency. Furthermore, the intrinsic oxidative potential of the test particles was positively correlated with cellular oxidative levels and toxicity endpoints, suggesting that the toxicity of Styrofoam microplastics also follows the oxidative stress paradigm. Additionally, all microplastics induced the activation of the pyrin domain-containing protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome and the release of interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These results imply that weathering process can aggravate the toxicity of Styrofoam microplastics due to the increased oxidative potential and decreased particle size.

논문정보

형식Research article
게재일2023년 10월 (BRIC 등록일 2023-09-08)
연구진국내 연구진
분야 의약학 > 응용의학

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