한빛사논문
Shouvik Saha a,b, Jiu-Qiang Xiong c, Swapnil M. Patil b, Geon-Soo Ha b, Jeong-Kyu Hoh d, Hyun-Kyung Park e, Woojin Chung f, Soon Woong Chang f, Moonis Ali Khan g, Ho Bum Park h, Byong-Hun Jeon b
aNatural Resources Research Institute, University of Minnesota Duluth, Duluth, MN 55812, USA
bDepartment of Earth Resources and Environmental Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, the Republic of Korea
cCollege of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao 266003, Shandong, China
dDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynecology, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, the Republic of Korea
eDepartment of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, the Republic of Korea
fDepartment of Environmental Energy Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, the Republic of Korea
gChemistry Department, College of Science, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
hDepartment of Energy Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, the Republic of Korea
Corresponding author : Byong-Hun Jeon
Abstract
The preeminence of sulfonamide drug resistance genes in food waste (FW) and the increased utilization of high-strength organic FW in anaerobic digestion (AD) to enhance methane production have raised severe public health concerns in wastewater treatment plants worldwide. In this regard, the dissemination patterns of different sulfonamide resistance genes (sul1 and sul2) and their impact on the digester core microbiota during AD of FW leachate (FWL) were evaluated. The presence of various sulfonamide antibiotics (SAs) in FWL digesters improved the final methane yield by 37 % during AD compared with FWL digesters without SAs. Microbial population shifts towards hydrolytic, acidogenic, and acetogenic bacteria in the phyla Actinobacteriota, Bacteroidota, Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, Proteobacteria, and Synergistota occurred due to SA induced substrate digestion and absorption through active transport; butanoate, propanoate, and pyruvate metabolism; glycolysis; gluconeogenesis; the citrate cycle; and pentose phosphate pathway. The initial dominance of Methanosaeta (89–96 %) declined to 47–53 % as AD progressed and shifted towards Methanosarcina (40 %) in digesters with the highest SA concentrations at the end of AD. Dissemination of sul1 depended on class 1 integron gene (intl1)-based horizontal gene transfer to pathogenic members of Chloroflexi, Firmicutes, and Patescibacteria, whereas sul2 was transmitted to Synergistota independent of intl1. Low susceptibility and ability to utilize SAs during methanogenesis shielded methanogenic archaea against selection pressure, thus preventing them from interacting with sul or intl1 genes, thereby minimizing the risk of antibiotic resistance development. The observed emergence of cationic antimicrobial peptide, vancomycin, and β-lactam resistance in the core microbiota during AD of FWL in the presence of SAs suggests that multidrug resistance caused by bacterial transformation could lead to an increase in the environmental resistome through wastewater sludge treatment.
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