한빛사논문
Seung Hyun Park 1, Sung Hwi Hong 1, Kwanghyun Kim 2 3, Seung Won Lee 4 5, Dong Keon Yon 6, Sun Jae Jung 3, Ziad Abdeen 7, Mohamed Lemine Cheikh Brahim Ahmed 8, Abdulwahed Al Serouri 9, Waleed Al-Herz 10, Kannan Subbaram 11, P Shaik Syed 11, Sheeza Ali 11, Kosar Ali 12, Humaid O Al-Shamsi 13, Oidov Baatarkhuu 14, Henning Bay Nielsen 15 16, Enrico Bernini-Carri 17, Anastasiia Bondarenko 18, Ayun Cassell 19, Akway Cham 20, Melvin Lk Chua 21 22, Sufia Dadabhai 23, Tchin Darre 24, Hayk Davtyan 25, Elena Dragioti 26, Barbora East 27, R Jeffrey Edwards 28, Martina Ferioli 29 30, Tsvetoslav Georgiev 31, Lilian Ghandour 32, Harapan Harapan 33, Po-Ren Hsueh 34, Aamer Ikram 35, Shigeru Inoue 36, Louis Jacob 37 38, Slobodan Janković 39, Umesh Jayarajah 40, Milos Jesenak 41, Pramath Kakodkar 42, Nathan Kapata 43, Yohannes Kebede 44, Yousef Khader 45, Meron Kifle 46, David Koh 47, Višnja Kokić Maleš 48, Katarzyna Kotfis 49, Ai Koyanagi 50, James-Paul Kretchy 51, Sulaiman Lakoh 52, Jinhee Lee 53, Jun Young Lee 53, Maria da Luz Lima Mendonça 54, Lowell Ling 55, Jorge Llibre-Guerra 56, Masaki Machida 36, Richard Makurumidze 57, Saad Mallah 58, Ziad A Memish 59, Ivan Mendoza 60, Sergey Moiseev 61, Thomas Nadasdy 62, Chen Nahshon 63, Silvio A Ñamendys-Silva 64, Blaise Nguendo Yongsi 65, Amalea Dulcene Nicolasora 66, Zhamilya Nugmanova 67, Hans Oh 68, Atte Oksanen 69, Oluwatomi Owopetu 70, Zeynep Ozge Ozguler 71, Gonzalo Emanuel Perez 72, Krit Pongpirul 73, Marius Rademaker 74, Nemanja Radojevic 75, Anna Roca 76, Alfonso J Rodriguez-Morales 77 78, Sandro G Viveiros Rosa 79, Enver Roshi 80, Khwaja Mir Islam Saeed 81, Ranjit Sah 82, Boris Sakakushev 83 84 85, Dina Ebrahem Sallam 86, Brijesh Sathian 87, Patrick Schober 88, Zoran Simonović 89, Tanu Singhal 90, Natia Skhvitaridze 91, Marco Solmi 92 93 94 95, Kalthoum Tizaoui 96, John Thato Tlhakanelo 97, Julio Torales 98, Smith Torres-Roman 99, Dimitrios Tsartsalis 100, Jadamba Tsolmon 101, Duarte Nuno Vieira 102, Guy Wanghi 103, Uwe Wollina 104, Ren-He Xu 105, Lin Yang 106, Kashif Zia 107, Muharem Zildzic 108, Jae Il Shin 109, Lee Smith 110
1Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
2Department of Preventive Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.
3Department of Public Health, Yonsei University, Seoul, Korea.
4Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, South Korea.
5Department of Precision Medicine, Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea.
6Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
7Department of Emergency Medicine, Augusta Victoria Hospital, Address: Al Tour, East Jerusalem.
8University of Nouakchott Al Aasriya & The Mauritanian Association for Scientific Research Development (AMDRS).
9Yemen Field Epidemiology Training Program.
10Faculty of Medicine, Kuwait University.
11School of Medicine, The Maldives National University School of Medicine, Maldives.
12University of Sulaimani college of medicine.
13Burjeel Cancer Institute, Burjeel Medical City, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates.
14Department of Infectious Diseases, Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences.
15Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care, Zealand University Hospital Roskilde, Roskilde, Denmark.
16Department of Nutrition, Exercise and Sports, Faculty of Science, University of Copenhagen, Denmark.
17CEMEC- Council of Europe.
18Shupyk National Healthcare University of Ukraine, Kyiv, Ukraine.
19John F. Kennedy Medical Center.
20University of Juba, School of Medicine.
21National Cancer Centre Singapore.
22Duke-NUS medical school.
23Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health; Blantyre, Malawi.
24Department of Pathology, University of Lomé, Togo.
25Tuberculosis Research and Prevention Center.
26Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
273rd, Department of Surgery, 1st Medical Faculty of Charles University, Motol University Hospital, Prague, Czech Republic.
28Medical Research Foundation of Trinidad and Tobago.
29IRCCS Azienda Ospedaliero Universitaria di Bologna, Respiratory and Critical Care Unit, Bologna, Italy.
30Department of Clinical, Integrated and Experimental Medicine (DIMES), Alma Mater Studiorum University, Bologna, Italy.
31Medical University - Varna, Varna, Bulgaria.
32American University of Beirut.
33Medical Research Unit, Universitas Syiah Kuala, Banda Aceh, Indonesia.
34Departments of Laboratory Medicine and Internal Medicine, China Medical University Hospital, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan.
35National Institute of Health, Pakistan.
36Tokyo Medical University, Department of Preventive Medicine and Public Health.
37Research and Development Unit, Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu, CIBERSAM, ISCIII, Dr. Antoni Pujadas, 42, Sant Boi de Llobregat, Barcelona, 08830, Spain.
38Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-, Yvelines, 78180, Montigny-le-Bretonneux, France.
39University of Kragujevac, Faculty of Medical Sciences.
40Postgraduate Institute of Medicine, University of Colombo, Sri Lanka.
41Department of Pediatrics, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine in Martin, Comenius University in Bratislava, University Teaching Hospital in Martin.
42National University of Ireland, Galway, Galway, Republic of Ireland.
43Zambia National Public Health Institute.
44Department of Health, Behavior and Society, Jimma University, Ethiopia.
45Jordan University of Science and technology.
46Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
47Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore.
48Clinical Hospital Centre Split, School of medicine, Split, Croatia.
49Department of Anesthesiology, Intensive Therapy and Acute Intoxications, Pomeranian Medical University in Szczecin, Poland.
50Parc Sanitari San Joan de Deu, ICREA, CIBERSAM, ISCIII.
51Public Health Unit, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Central University, P. O. Box, 2305, Accra, Ghana.
52College of Medicine and Allied Health Sciences, University of Sierra Leone.
53Yonsei University Wonju College of Medicine.
54National Public Health Institute of Cape Verde.
55The Chinese University of Hong Kong.
56National Institute of Neurology.
57University of Zimbabwe Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Family Medicine, Global and Public Health Unit.
58Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland -, Bahrain.
59Director Research and Innovation Center, King Saud Medical City, Ministry of health.
60Tropical Cardiology. Central University of Venezuela.
61Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University.
62St. Parascheva Infectiois Disease Hospital.
63Department of Gynecologic Surgery & Oncology, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel.
64Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Medicas y Nutricion Salvador Zubiran; Instituto Nacional de Cancerologia, Mexico City, Mexico.
65IFORD-Universit of Yaoundé II.
66Molecular Biology Laboratory, Research Institute for Tropical Medicine, Alabang, Muntinlupa City, Philippines, 1781.
67Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University.
68University of Southern California.
69Faculty of social sciences, Tampere University, Finland.
70Department of Community Medicine, University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria.
71General Directorate of Public Health, Turkey.
72Cardiology Division, Clínica Olivos, Buenos Aires, Argentina.
73Chulalongkorn University Faculty of Medicine.
74Marius Rademaker Waikato Clinical Campus, University of Auckland Medical School, Hamilton, New Zealand.
75Clinical Centre of Montenegro.
76MRC Unit The Gambia at the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, The Gambia.
77Grupo de Investigación Biomedicina, Faculty of Medicine, Fundación Universitaria Autónoma de las Americas, Pereira, Colombia.
78Universidad Cientifica del Sur, Lima, Peru.
79Instituto Nacional da Propriedade Industrial, Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil.
80University of Medicine, Tirane.
81Afghanistan National Public Health Institute (ANPHI).
82Tribhuvan University Teaching Hospital, Institute of Medicine.
83RIMU/Research Institute of Medical University Plovdiv.
84Chair of Propedeutics of Surgical Diseases.
85University Hospital St George Plovdiv.
86Pediatrics & Pediatric Nephrology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
87Geriatrics and long term care department, Rumailah Hospital, Doha, Qatar.
88Amsterdam UMC location Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Department of Anesthesiology, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
89National Institute of Public Health.
90Kokilaben Dhirubhai Ambani Hospital and Medical Research Institute.
91National Center for Disease Control and Public Health.
92Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
93Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, Canada.
94Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa Ottawa Ontario.
95Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany.
96Laboratory of Microorganisms and Actives Biomolecules, Faculty of Sciences of Tunis, University Tunis El Manar.
97University of Botswana.
98National University of Asunción, School of Medical Sciences, Paraguay.
99South American Center for Education and Research in Public Health, Universidad Norbert Wiener, Lima, 15108, Peru.
100Department of Emergency Medicine, Hippokration Hospital, Address: Leof Vasilissis Sofias 80, 11527, Athens, Greece.
101Mongolian National University of Medical Sciences (MNUMS).
102University of Coimbra.
103University of Kinshasa Faculty of Medicine.
104Department of Dermatology and Allergology, Städtisches Klinikum Dresden - Academic Teaching Hospital, Dresden, Germany.
105Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Macau.
106Department of Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention Research, Cancer Care Alberta, Alberta Health Services; School of Medicine, University of Calgary, Calgary, Canada.
107School of Health and Wellbeing, University of Glasgow, U.K.
108Academy of medical science in B&H.
109Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
110Centre for Health Performance and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge, UK, CB1 1PT.
Seung Hyun Park, Sung Hwi Hong, and Kwanghyun Kim contributed equally to this study and are co-first authors.
CORRESPONDING AUTHORS : Sun Jae Jung, Jae Il Shin
Abstract
Background: The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)", caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). It has severely damaged the world's most developed countries and has turned into a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. Since its emergence in late 2019, medical interventions have been substantial, and most countries relied on public health measures collectively known as nonpharmaceutical interventions.
Aims: To centralize the accumulative knowledge on non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) against COVID-19 for each country under one worldwide consortium.
Methods: International COVID-19 Research Network collaborators developed a cross-sectional online-survey to assess the implications of NPIs and sanitary supply on incidence and mortality of COVID-19. Survey was conducted between January 1 and February 1, 2021, and participants from 92 countries/territories completed it. The association between NPIs, sanitation supplies and incidence and mortality were examined by multivariate regression, with log-transformed value of population as an offset value.
Results: Majority of countries/territories applied several preventive strategies including social distancing (100.0%), quarantine (100.0%), isolation (98.9%), and school closure (97.8%). Individual-level preventive measures such as personal hygiene (100.0%) and wearing facial mask (94.6% at hospital; 93.5% at mass transportation; 91.3% in mass gathering facilities) were also frequently applied. Quarantine at a designated place was negatively associated with incidence and mortality compared to home quarantine. Isolation at a designated place was also associated with reduced mortality compared to home isolation. Recommendations to use sanitizer for personal hygiene reduced incidence compared to recommendation to use soap did. Deprivation of mask was associated with increased incidence. Higher incidence and mortality were found in countries/territories with higher economic level. Mask deprivation was pervasive regardless of economic level.
Conclusion: NPIs against COVID-19 such as using sanitizer, quarantine, and isolation can decrease incidence and mortality of COVID-19. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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