Marco Solmi^1,2,3,4,5,51, Minjin Song^6,51, Dong Keon Yon^7,8,51, Seung Won Lee^9,10,51, Eric Fombonne^11,12, Min Seo Kim¹³, Seoyeon Park⁶, Min Ho Lee⁶, Jimin Hwang¹⁴, Roberto Keller¹⁵, Ai Koyanagi^16,17, Louis Jacob^16,18, Elena Dragioti^19,20, Lee Smith²¹, Christoph U. Correll^22,23,24,25, Paolo Fusar-Poli^4,26,27,28, Giovanni Croatto²⁹, Andre F. Carvalho³⁰, Jae Won Oh³¹, San Lee^31,32, Corentin J. Gosling^5,33,34, Keun-Ah Cheon³⁵, Dimitris Mavridis^36,37, Che-Sheng Chu^38,39,40, Chih-Sung Liang^41,42, Joaquim Radua^4,43,44, Laurent Boyer⁴⁵, Guillaume Fond⁴⁵, Jae Il Shin^46,* and Samuele Cortese^{5,47,48,49,50}

¹Department of Psychiatry, University of Ottawa, Ontario, ON, Canada. ²Department of Mental Health, The Ottawa Hospital, Ontario, ON, Canada. ³Ottawa Hospital Research Institute (OHRI) Clinical Epidemiology Program University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada. ⁴Early Psychosis: Interventions and Clinical-Detection (EPIC) Lab, Department of Psychosis Studies, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology, King’s College London, London, UK. ⁵Centre for Innovation in Mental Health (CIMH), School of Psychology, Faculty of Environmental and Life Sciences, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. ⁶Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ⁷Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ⁸Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ⁹Department of Data Science, Sejong University College of Software Convergence, Seoul, South Korea. ¹⁰Sungkyunkwan University School of Medicine, Suwon, Republic of Korea. ¹¹Department of Psychiatry, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. ¹²Department of Pediatrics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA. ¹³Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences & Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ¹⁴Department of Epidemiology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA. ¹⁵Adult Autism Center, Mental Health Department, Health Unit ASL Città di Torino, 10138 Turin, Italy. ¹⁶Parc Sanitari Sant Joan de Déu/CIBERSAM/ISCIII, Universitat de Barcelona, Fundació Sant Joan de Déu, Sant Boi de Llobregat, 08830 Barcelona, Spain. ¹⁷ICREA, Pg. Lluis Companys 23, Barcelona, Spain. ¹⁸Faculty of Medicine, University of Versailles Saint-Quentin-en-Yvelines, Montigny-le-Bretonneux 78180, France. ¹⁹Pain and Rehabilitation Centre, and Department of Health, Medicine and Caring Sciences, Linkoping University, SE-581 85 Linkoping, Sweden. ²⁰Research Laboratory Psychology of Patients, Families & Health Professionals, Department of Nursing, School of Health Sciences, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45500, Greece. ²¹Centre for Health, Performance, and Wellbeing, Anglia Ruskin University, Cambridge CB1 1PT, UK. ²²Department of Psychiatry, Zucker Hillside Hospital, Glen Oaks, New York City, NY, USA. ²³Department of Psychiatry and Molecular Medicine, Donald and Barbara Zucker School of Medicine at Hofstra/Northwell, Hempstead, NY, USA. ²⁴Center for Psychiatric Neuroscience, Feinstein Institute for Medical Research, Manhasset, NY, USA. ²⁵Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany. ²⁶Department of Brain and Behavioral Sciences, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy. ²⁷OASIS service, South London and Maudsley NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK. ²⁸National Institute for Health Research, Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre, London, UK. ²⁹Department of mental health, AULSS3 Serenissima, Veneto, Italy. ³⁰IMPACT (Innovation in Mental and Physical Health and Clinical Treatment) Strategic Research Centre, School of Medicine, Barwon Health, Deakin University, Geelong, VIC, Australia. ³¹Department of Psychiatry, Yongin Severance Hospital, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Yongin, Republic of Korea. ³²Department of Psychiatry and Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ³³DysCo Lab, Paris Nanterre University, Nanterre, France. ³⁴Laboratoire de Psychopathologie et Processus de Santé, Université de Paris, Paris, France. ³⁵Division of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, Department of Psychiatry, Severance Hospital, Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea. ³⁶Department of Primary Education, Evidence Synthesis Methods Team, University of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece. ³⁷Faculté de Médecine, Paris Descartes University, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France. ³⁸Department of Psychiatry, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan. ³⁹Center for Geriatric and Gerontology, Kaohsiung Veterans General Hospital, Kaohsiung 813, Taiwan. ⁴⁰Graduate Institute of Medicine, College of Medicine, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan. ⁴¹Department of Psychiatry, Beitou Branch, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan. ⁴²Graduate Institute of Medical Sciences, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei 11490, Taiwan. ⁴³Imaging of Mood- and Anxiety-Related Disorders (IMARD) Group, Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi I Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Salud Mental (CIBERSAM), Barcelona, Spain. ⁴⁴Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Centre for Psychiatric Research and Education, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. ⁴⁵AP-HM, Aix-Marseille University, CEReSS-Health Service Research and Quality of Life Center, Fondation FondaMental, Marseille, France. ⁴⁶Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea. ⁴⁷Clinical and Experimental Sciences (CNS and Psychiatry), Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, UK. ⁴⁸Division of Psychiatry and Applied Psychology, School of Medicine, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK. ⁴⁹Hassenfeld Children’s Hospital at NYU Langone, New York University Child Study Center, New York City, NY, USA. ⁵⁰Solent NHS Trust, Child and Adolescent Mental Health Service (CAMHS), Southampton, UK. ⁵¹These authors contributed equally: Marco Solmi, Minjin Song, Dong Keon Yon, Seung Won Lee.

*Corresponding author.