Bo-yong Park,^1,2,3,* Sara Larivière,¹ Raul Rodríguez-Cruces,¹ JessicaRoyer,¹ Shahin Tavakol,¹ Yezhou Wang,¹ Lorenzo Caciagli,^4,5,6 Maria Eugenia Caligiuri,7 Antonio Gambardella,^7,8 Luis Concha,⁹ Simon S. Keller,^10,11 Fernando Cendes,¹² Marina K. M. Alvim,¹² Clarissa Yasuda,¹² Leonardo Bonilha,¹³ Ezequiel Gleichgerrcht,¹³ Niels K. Focke,¹⁴ Barbara A. K. Kreilkamp,¹⁴ Martin Domin,¹⁵ Felix von Podewils,¹⁶ Soenke Langner,¹⁷ Christian Rummel,¹⁸ Michael Rebsamen,¹⁸ Roland Wiest,¹⁸ Pascal Martin,¹⁹ Raviteja Kotikalapudi,^19,20 Benjamin Bender,²⁰ Terence J. O’Brien,^21,22 Meng Law,²¹ Benjamin Sinclair,^21,22 Lucy Vivash,^21,22 Patrick Kwan,^21,22 Patricia M. Desmond,²² Charles B. Malpas,²² Elaine Lui,²² Saud Alhusaini,^23,24 Colin P. Doherty,^25,26 Gianpiero L. Cavalleri,^23,26 Norman Delanty,^23,26 Reetta Kälviäinen,^27,28 Graeme D. Jackson,²⁹ Magdalena Kowalczyk,²⁹ Mario Mascalchi,³⁰ Mira Semmelroch,²⁹ Rhys H. Thomas,³¹ Hamid Soltanian-Zadeh,^32,33 Esmaeil Davoodi-Bojd,³⁴ Junsong Zhang,³⁵ Matteo Lenge,^36,37 Renzo Guerrini,³⁶ Emanuele Bartolini,³⁸ Khalid Hamandi,^39,40 Sonya Foley,³⁹ Bernd Weber,⁴¹ Chantal Depondt,⁴² Julie Absil,⁴³ Sarah J. A. Carr,⁴⁴ Eugenio Abela,⁴⁴ Mark P. Richardson,⁴⁴ Orrin Devinsky,⁴⁵ Mariasavina Severino,⁴⁶ Pasquale Striano,⁴⁶ Costanza Parodi,⁴⁶ Domenico Tortora,⁴⁶ Sean N. Hatton,⁴⁷ Sjoerd B. Vos,^4,5,48 John S. Duncan,^4,5 Marian Galovic,^4,5,49 Christopher D. Whelan,⁵⁰ Núria Bargalló,^51,52 Jose Pariente,⁵¹ Estefania Conde-Blanco,⁵³ Anna Elisabetta Vaudano,^54,55 Manuela Tondelli,^54,55 Stefano Meletti,^54,55 Xiang‐Zhen Kong,^56,57 Clyde Francks,^56,58 Simon E. Fisher,^56,58 Benoit Caldairou,⁵⁹ Mina Ryten,^60,61,62 Angelo Labate,^7,8 Sanjay M. Sisodiya,^4,5 Paul M. Thompson,⁶³ Carrie R. McDonald,⁶⁴ Andrea Bernasconi,⁵⁹ Neda Bernasconi⁵⁹ and Boris C. Bernhardt^1,*

¹Multimodal Imaging and Connectome Analysis Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
²Department of Data Science, Inha University, Incheon, Republic of Korea
³Center for Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science, Suwon, Republic of Korea
⁴Department of Clinical and Experimental Epilepsy, UCL Queen Square Institute of Neurology, London, UK
⁵MRI Unit, Epilepsy Society, Chalfont St Peter, Bucks, UK
⁶Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
⁷Neuroscience Research Center, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, CZ, Italy
⁸Institute of Neurology, University Magna Græcia, Catanzaro, CZ, Italy
⁹Institute of Neurobiology, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Querétaro, México
¹⁰Institute of Systems, Molecular and Integrative Biology, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹¹Walton Centre NHS Foundation Trust, Liverpool, United Kingdom
¹²Department of Neurology, University of Campinas–UNICAMP, Campinas, São Paulo, Brazil
¹³Department of Neurology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, SC, USA
¹⁴Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
¹⁵Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, Functional Imaging Unit,
University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
¹⁶Department of Neurology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
¹⁷Institute of Diagnostic Radiology and Neuroradiology, University Medicine Greifswald, Greifswald, Germany
¹⁸Support Center for Advanced Neuroimaging (SCAN), University Institute of Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Bern, Bern, Switzerland
¹⁹Department of Neurology and Epileptology, Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
²⁰Department of Radiology, Diagnostic and Interventional Neuroradiology, University Hospital Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
²¹Department of Neuroscience, Central Clinical School, Alfred Hospital, Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia
²²Departments of Medicine, The Royal Melbourne Hospital, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia
²³Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
²⁴Department of Neurology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
²⁵Department of Neurology, St James’ Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
²⁶FutureNeuro SFI Research Centre, Dublin, Ireland
²⁷Epilepsy Center, Neuro Center, Kuopio University Hospital, Member of the European Reference Network for Rare and Complex Epilepsies EpiCARE, Kuopio, Finland
²⁸Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
²⁹Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental Health, University of Melbourne, Melbourne VIC 3010, Australia
³⁰Neuroradiology Research Program, Meyer Children Hospital of Florence, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
³¹Transitional and Clinical Research Institute, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, UK
³²Control and Intelligent Processing Center of Excellence (CIPCE), School of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
³³Departments of Research Administration and Radiology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
³⁴Department of Neurology, Henry Ford Health System, Detroit, MI, USA
³⁵Department of Artificial Intelligence, Xiamen University, Xiamen, China
³⁶Child Neurology Unit and Laboratories, Neuroscience Department, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy
³⁷Functional and Epilepsy Neurosurgery Unit, Neurosurgery Department, Children’s Hospital A. Meyer-University of Florence, Italy
³⁸USL Centro Toscana, Neurology Unit, Nuovo Ospedale Santo Stefano, Prato, Italy
³⁹Cardiff University Brain Research Imaging Centre (CUBRIC), College of Biomedical Sciences, Cardiff University, Cardiff, UK
⁴⁰The Welsh Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, UK
⁴¹Institute of Experimental Epileptology and Cognition Research, University Hospital Bonn, Bonn, Germany
⁴²Department of Neurology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
⁴³Department of Radiology, Hôpital Erasme, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
⁴⁴Division of Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King’s College London, UK
⁴⁵Department of Neurology, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
⁴⁶IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genova, Italy and Department of Neurosciences, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova,
Genova, Italy
⁴⁷Department of Neurosciences, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
⁴⁸Centre for Medical Image Computing, University College London, London, UK
⁴⁹Department of Neurology, Clinical Neuroscience Center, University Hospital and University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
⁵⁰Department of Molecular and Cellular Therapeutics, The Royal College of Surgeons in Ireland, Dublin, Ireland
⁵¹Magnetic Resonance Image Core Facility., Institut d’Investigacions Biomèdiques August Pi i Sunyer (IDIBAPS), Barcelona, Spain
⁵²Department of Radiology CDIC, Hospital Clinic Barcelona, Spain
⁵³Epilepsy Unit, Department of Neurology, Hospital Clínic, Barcelona, Spain
⁵⁴Neurology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliero-Universitaria of Modena, OCB Hospital, Modena, Italy
⁵⁵Department of Biomedical, Metabolic, and Neural Sciences, Center for Neuroscience and Neurotechnology, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy
⁵⁶Language and Genetics Department, Max Planck Institute for Psycholinguistics, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
⁵⁷Department of Psychology and Behavioral Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
⁵⁸Donders Institute for Brain, Cognition and Behaviour, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
⁵⁹Neuroimaging of Epilepsy Laboratory, McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute and Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
⁶⁰Department of Neurodegenerative Disease, Queen Square Institute of Neurology, University College London, UK
⁶¹NIHR Great Ormond Street Hospital Biomedical Research Centre, University College London, UK
⁶²Department of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, University College London, UK
⁶³Imaging Genetics Center, Mark & Mary Stevens Institute for Neuroimaging and Informatics, USC Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
⁶⁴Department of Psychiatry, Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA

^*Correspondence to: Bo-yong Park
^*Correspondence may also be addressed to: Boris C. Bernhardt, PhD