한빛사논문
Choongwon Jeong1,2,23,*, Ke Wang1,23, Shevan Wilkin3, William Timothy TrealTaylor3,4, Bryan K. Miller3,5, Jan H. Bemmann6, Raphaela Stahl1, Chelsea Chiovelli1, Florian Knolle1, Sodnom Ulziibayar7, Dorjpurev Khatanbaatar8, Diimaajav Erdenebaatar9, Ulambayar Erdenebat10, Ayudai Ochir11, Ganbold Ankhsanaa12, Chuluunkhuu Vanchigdash8, Battuga Ochir13, Chuluunbat Munkhbayar14, Dashzeveg Tumen10, Alexey Kovalev15, Nikolay Kradin16,17, Bilikto A. Bazarov17, Denis A. Miyagashev17, Prokopiy B. Konovalov17, Elena Zhambaltarova18, Alicia Ventresca Miller3,19, Wolfgang Haak1, Stephan Schiffels1, Johannes Krause1,20, Nicole Boivin3, Myagmar Erdene10, Jessica Hendy1,21, ChristinaWarinner1,20,22,24,*
1Department of Archaeogenetics, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
2School of Biological Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
3Department of Archaeology, Max Planck Institute for the Science of Human History, Jena 07745, Germany
4Department of Anthropology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, USA
5Museum of Anthropological Archaeology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
6Department of Archaeology and Anthropology, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn 53113, Germany
7Institute of Archaeology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
8Mongolian University of Science and Technology, Ulaanbaatar 14191, Mongolia
9Department of Archaeology, Ulaanbaatar State University, Bayanzurkh district, Ulaanbaatar 13343, Mongolia
10Department of Anthropology and Archaeology, National University of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14201, Mongolia
11International Institute for the Study of Nomadic Civilizations, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
12National Centre for Cultural Heritage of Mongolia, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
13Institute of History and Ethnology, Mongolian Academy of Sciences, Ulaanbaatar 14200, Mongolia
14University of Khovd, Khovd province, Khovd 84179, Mongolia
15Institute of Archaeology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow 119991, Russia
16Institute of History, Archaeology and Ethnology, Far East Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Vladivostok 690001, Russia
17Institute for Mongolian, Buddhist and Tibetan Studies, Siberian Branch of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Ulan-Ude 670047, Russia
18Department of Museology and Heritage, Faculty of Social and Cultural Activities, Heritage, and Tourism, Federal State Budgetary Educational Institution of Higher Education, East Siberian State Institute of Culture, Ulan-Ude 670031, Russia
19Department of Anthropology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA
20Faculty of Biological Sciences, Friedrich Schiller University, Jena 02134, Germany
21BioArCh, Department of Archaeology, University of York, York YO10 5NG, UK
22Department of Anthropology, Harvard University, Cambridge, MA 02138, USA
23These authors contributed equally
24Lead Contact
*Corresponding author
Abstract
The Eastern Eurasian Steppe was home to historic empires of nomadic pastoralists, including the Xiongnu and the Mongols. However, little is known about the region’s population history. Here, we reveal its dynamic genetic history by analyzing new genome-wide data for 214 ancient individuals spanning 6,000 years. We identify a pastoralist expansion into Mongolia ca. 3000 BCE, and by the Late Bronze Age, Mongolian populations were biogeographically structured into three distinct groups, all practicing dairy pastoralism regardless of ancestry. The Xiongnu emerged from the mixing of these populations and those from surrounding regions. By comparison, the Mongols exhibit much higher eastern Eurasian ancestry, resembling present-day Mongolic-speaking populations. Our results illuminate the complex interplay between genetic, sociopolitical, and cultural changes on the Eastern Steppe.
Keywords : human population history, ancient DNA, migration, nomadic pastoralists, Eastern Steppe, Mongolia, Xiongnu empire, Mongol empire
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