구.추천논문
Suchan Chang1, Yu Fan1, Joo Hyun Shin1, Yeonhee Ryu2, Mi Seon Kim1, Scott C. Steffensen3, Hyung Kyu Kim1, Jin Mook Kim1, Bong Hyo Lee1, Eun Young Jang1, Chae Ha Yang1, Hee Young Kim1,*
1 Department of Physiology, College of Korean Medicine, Daegu Haany University, Daegu, South Korea
2 Korean Medicine Fundamental Research Division, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine, Daejeon, South Korea
3 Department of Psychology and Neuroscience (1050 SWKT), Brigham Young University, Provo, USA
Suchan Chang and Yu Fan contributed equally to this work.
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
Abstract
Although previous studies have suggested an association between unpleasant sounds and the use of drugs, scientific evidence supporting this is lacking. This study investigated in rats (male Sprague-Dawley rats) if aversive sounds modulate dopamine (DA) transmission in the mesolimbic reward system and cocaine reinforcement. For sound stimulation, we used artificial low-frequency ultrasound (ALFUS) in the frequency ranges (22–38 kHz) which produces an aversive response in rats. Rats displayed increased anxiety-like behaviors, 22-kHz ultrasonic vocalizations (USVs), and stress responses with ALFUS. In vivo extracellular recording and immunohistochemistry revealed that ALFUS stimulation activated central amygdalar neurons and amygdalar GABAergic neurons. Amygdalar lesions prevented an increase of 22-kHz USVs by ALFUS. Dopamine levels in NAc decreased during ALFUS stimulation. In rats self-administering cocaine, ALFUS caused reinstatement of cocaine seeking after a period of extinction. Thus, ALFUS stimulation induced negative emotional states in association with a decrease in mesolimbic DA function and reinstatement of cocaine-seeking behaviors, suggesting that exposure to unpleasant sounds enhances negative emotional states and may induce relapse in addicts.
Keywords : Unpleasant sound, Negative emotion, Drug seeking, Cocaine, Anxiety, Stress
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