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Yong-Min Kim1,†, Seungill Kim2,†, Namjin Koo1,†, Ah-Young Shin3,†, Seon-In Yeom4,†, Eunyoung Seo2, Seong-Jin Park1, Won-Hee Kang4, Myung-Shin Kim2, Jieun Park2, Insu Jang1, Pan-Gyu Kim1, Iksu Byeon1, Min-Seo Kim1, JinHyuk Choi1, Gunhwan Ko1, JiHye Hwang5, Tae-Jin Yang2, Sang-Bong Choi6, Je Min Lee7, Ki-Byung Lim7, Jungho Lee8, Ik-Young Choi9, Beom-Seok Park5, Suk-Yoon Kwon3, Doil Choi2, and Ryan W. Kim1,*
1Korean Bioinformation Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Daejeon 34141, Korea, 2Department of Plant Science, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Korea, 3Plant Systems Engineering Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology(KRIBB), Daejeon 34141, Korea, 4Department of Agricultural Plant Science, Institute of Agriculture and Life Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52828, Korea, 5National Institute of Agricultural Sciences, Rural Development Administration, Jeonju 54875, Korea, 6Division of Bioscience and Bioinformatics, Myongji University, Yongin 17058, Korea, 7Department of Horticultural Science, College of Agriculture and Life Science, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Korea, 8Green Plant Institute, Yongin 446-908, Korea, and 9 Department of Agriculture and Life Industry, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Korea
*To whom correspondence should be addressed.
†These authors contributed equally to this work.
Abstract
Hibiscus syriacus (L.) (rose of Sharon) is one of the most widespread garden shrubs in the world. We report a draft of the H. syriacus genome comprised of a 1.75?Gb assembly that covers 92% of the genome with only 1.7% (33?Mb) gap sequences. Predicted gene modeling detected 87,603 genes, mostly supported by deep RNA sequencing data. To define gene family distribution among relatives of H. syriacus, orthologous gene sets containing 164,660 genes in 21,472 clusters were identified by OrthoMCL analysis of five plant species, including H. syriacus, Arabidopsis thaliana, Gossypium raimondii, Theobroma cacao and Amborella trichopoda. We inferred their evolutionary relationships based on divergence times among Malvaceae plant genes and found that gene families involved in flowering regulation and disease resistance were more highly divergent and expanded in H. syriacus than in its close relatives, G. raimondii (DD) and T. cacao. Clustered gene families and gene collinearity analysis revealed that two recent rounds of whole-genome duplication were followed by diploidization of the H. syriacus genome after speciation. Copy number variation and phylogenetic divergence indicates that WGDs and subsequent diploidization led to unequal duplication and deletion of flowering-related genes in H. syriacus and may affect its unique floral morphology.
Hibiscus syriacus, Whole Genome Duplication, Diploidization, Multivoltinism, Homeolog
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