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Abstract
Sarah Kinkley1,*, Johannes Helmuth1,*, Julia K. Polansky2, Ilona Dunkel1, Gilles Gasparoni3 Sebastian Fröhler4, Wei Chen4, Jörn Walter3, Alf Hamann2 & Ho-Ryun Chung1
1 Otto-Warburg-Laboratory: Epigenomics, Max Planck Institute for Molecular Genetics, Ihnestrasse 63-73, 14195 Berlin, Germany. 2 Experimental Rheumatology, German Rheumatism Research Center Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany. 3 The Department of Genetics and Epigenetics, University of Saarland, Campus A2.4 66123 Saarbrücken, Germany. 4 The Laboratory of Functional Genomics and Systems Biology, Max Delbruck Centrum for Molecular Medicine, Robert-Rössle-Strasse 10, 13125 Berlin, Germany.
* These authors contributed equally to this work.
Correspondence to: Ho-Ryun Chung
Abstract
The combinatorial action of co-localizing chromatin modifications and regulators determines chromatin structure and function. However, identifying co-localizing chromatin features in a high-throughput manner remains a technical challenge. Here we describe a novel reChIP-seq approach and tailored bioinformatic analysis tool, normR that allows for the sequential enrichment and detection of co-localizing DNA-associated proteins in an unbiased and genome-wide manner. We illustrate the utility of the reChIP-seq method and normR by identifying H3K4me3 or H3K27me3 bivalently modified nucleosomes in primary human CD4+ memory T cells. We unravel widespread bivalency at hypomethylated CpG-islands coinciding with inactive promoters of developmental regulators. reChIP-seq additionally uncovered heterogeneous bivalency in the population, which was undetectable by intersecting H3K4me3 and H3K27me3 ChIP-seq tracks. Finally, we provide evidence that bivalency is established and stabilized by an interplay between the genome and epigenome. Our reChIP-seq approach augments conventional ChIP-seq and is broadly applicable to unravel combinatorial modes of action.
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