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Abstract
Jung-Woong Kim1, 2, 6, Hyun-Jin Yang1, 6, Adam Phillip Oel3, 6, Matthew John Brooks1, Li Jia4, David Charles Plachetzki5, Wei Li4, William Ted Allison3, Anand Swaroop1
1 Neurobiology-Neurodegeneration and Repair Laboratory, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
2 Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Republic of Korea
3 Department of Biological Sciences, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Alberta T6G 2E9, Canada
4 Retinal Neurophysiology Section, National Eye Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
5 Department of Molecular, Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of New Hampshire, Durham, NH 03824, USA
6 Co-first author
Corresponding author : William Ted Allison, Anand Swaroop
Summary
Vertebrate ancestors had only cone-like photoreceptors. The duplex retina evolved in jawless vertebrates with the advent of highly photosensitive rod-like photoreceptors. Despite cones being the arbiters of high-resolution color vision, rods emerged as the dominant photoreceptor in mammals during a nocturnal phase early in their evolution. We investigated the evolutionary and developmental origins of rods in two divergent vertebrate retinas. In mice, we discovered genetic and epigenetic vestiges of short-wavelength cones in developing rods, and cell-lineage tracing validated the genesis of rods from S cones. Curiously, rods did not derive from S cones in zebrafish. Our study illuminates several questions regarding the evolution of duplex retina and supports the hypothesis that, in mammals, the S-cone lineage was recruited via the Maf-family transcription factor NRL to augment rod photoreceptors. We propose that this developmental mechanism allowed the adaptive exploitation of scotopic niches during the nocturnal bottleneck early in mammalian evolution.
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