Fresh fruits and vegetables are essential to everyday diets, and growing global attention is focused on their quality and safety. Protecting freshness and ensuring safety after harvest is therefore a key requirement for building a sustainable and environmentally friendly supply of fruits and vegetables. In response, substantial research has focused on advanced materials that support postharvest quality management and safety monitoring. Two-dimensional nanomaterials (2D-NMs) have emerged as particularly promising materials for these applications because of their layered structures, large specific surface areas, and adjustable physicochemical characteristics. This review discusses the main ways 2D-NMs can be used for postharvest fruits and vegetables quality control, covering gas barrier regulation, antimicrobial performance, and controlled release behavior in packaging systems. The study also presents 2D-NM-based strategies for detecting pesticides, as well as sensor platforms for postharvest quality monitoring of fruits and vegetables. Overall, it summarizes the practical use of 2D-NMs in postharvest quality control and safety monitoring, with a central focus on their incorporation as functional additives in packaging films.