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Sci. Adv., Apr 24 2026, 12 (17) eadz6379 | https://doi.org/10.1126/sciadv.adz6379 A strong, reversible, and conformal adhesive gel for diverse plants

Jiayu Zhao ^1†, Zhecun Guan ^1†, Rohan Luthra ¹, Patrick Opdensteinen^1,2,3, Brandon Ho ⁴, Xiao Li ⁵, Yong-Jin Park ⁶, Min Sub Kwak ⁶, Hyunhyub Ko ⁶, Nicole F Steinmetz^{1,2,3,7,8,9,10*}, Jinhye Bae ^1,5,11*

¹Aiiso Yufeng Li Family Department of Chemical and Nano Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
²Shu and K.C. Chien and Peter Farrell Collaboratory, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
³Center for Nano-ImmunoEngineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁴Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁵Material Science and Engineering Program, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁶School of Energy and Chemical Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology (UNIST), Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea.
⁷Institute for Materials Discovery and Design, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁸Department of Bioengineering, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
⁹Department of Radiology, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
¹⁰Moores Cancer Center, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
¹¹Department of Chemical Engineering, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 06974, Republic of Korea.

^*Corresponding authors: N.F.S.; J.B.
^†These authors contributed equally to this work.

Abstract

Developing plant adhesives opens opportunities for studying and optimizing plant growth through precision pesticide and nutrient delivery, plant health monitoring, and human-plant interaction. However, diverse and changing topologies and chemical compositions of plants during growth present challenges in designing effective and universal adhesives. In this study, we address this challenge by developing a gel composite consisting of a biopolymer that enables dynamic covalent bonding with plant surfaces and cross-linked polyacrylamide, which provides adaptability. This composite gel demonstrates strong yet reversible adhesion on both hairy and nonhairy plant surfaces. Its adhesion strength exceeds that of previously reported noninvasive plant adhesives by an order of magnitude. This achievement enables localized and sustained drug delivery to plant tissues and allows for stable plant actuation via electrical stimulation, opening pathways for modulating sensitive plant systems.

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