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이수지Sooji Lee

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Nat. Med., 30 March 2026 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41591-026-04250-8 Global, regional and national burden of ischemic heart disease attributable to suboptimal diet, 1990–2023: a Global Burden of Disease study

GBD 2023 IHD & Dietary Risk Factors Collaborators
Sooji Lee^1,1262, Hayeon Lee^2,1262, Yejun Son^3,1262, Jae Il Shin^4,1262, Hasan Aalruz⁵, Yohannes Habtegiorgis Abate⁶, Cristiana Abbafati⁷, Nasir Abbas⁸, Elahe Abbaspour⁹, Hedayat Abbastabar¹⁰, Samar Abd ElHafeez¹¹, Parsa Abdi¹², Wakgari Mosisa Abdisa¹³, Mohammad Abdollahi^14,15, Meriem Abdoun^16,17, Rizwan Suliankatchi Abdulkader¹⁸, Auwal Abdullahi^19,20, Olugbenga Olusola Abiodun²¹, Olumide Abiodun²², Richard Gyan Aboagye^23,24, Shady Abohashem^25,26, Lucas Guimarães Abreu²⁷, Dariush Abtahi²⁸, Aminu Kende Abubakar^29,30, Bilyaminu Abubakar^31,32, Eman Abu-Gharbieh^33,34, Hana J. Abukhadijah^35,36, Salahdein Aburuz^37,38, Ahmed Abu-Zaid^39,40, Mesafint Molla Adane⁴¹, Isaac Yeboah Addo^42,43, Oladimeji Muritala Adebayo^44,45, Kamoru Ademola Adedokun^46,47, Rufus Adesoji Adedoyin⁴⁸, Charles Oluwaseun Adetunji⁴⁹, Juliana Bunmi Adetunji⁵⁰, Temitayo Esther Adeyeoluwa^51,52,.....Pengpeng Ye^1230,1231, Subah Abderehim Yesuf^1232,1233, Dehui Yin¹²³⁴, Naohiro Yonemoto^1225,1235, Mohammed Y. Youssef^1236,1237, Chuanhua Yu⁸¹⁷, Aurora Zanghì1238, Mohammed Zawiah1239, Mohammed G. M Zeariya1240,1241, Salih M. Mustafa Salih Zebari443,1242, Casper J. P Zhang¹⁰⁹³, Liqun Zhang^1243,1244, Yunquan Zhang^1245,1246, Zhiqiang Zhang¹²⁴⁷, Hanqing Zhao¹²⁴⁸, Anthony Zhong¹²⁴⁹, Claire Chenwen Zhong¹²⁵⁰, Shuduo Zhou^1251,1252, Xiao-Dong Zhou¹²⁵³, Bin Zhu1254, Abzal Zhumagaliuly¹²⁵⁵, Magdalena Zielińska¹²⁵⁶, Ghazal Zoghi¹²⁵⁷, Zhiyong Zou¹²⁵⁸, Sa’ed H. Zyoud^115,1259, Ali H. Mokdad^160,265, Min Seo Kim^25,1260,1263 & Dong Keon Yon^1261,1263

¹Department of Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
²Center for Digital Health, Medical Science Research Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
³Department of Precision Medicine, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul, South Korea.
⁴Department of Pediatrics, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea. .......
¹²⁶⁰Cardiovascular Disease Initiative, Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, MA, USA.
¹²⁶¹Department of Pediatrics, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea.
¹²⁶²These authors contributed equally: Sooji Lee, Hayeon Lee, Yejun Son, Jae Il Shin.
¹²⁶³These authors jointly supervised this work: Min Seo Kim, Dong Keon Yon.

Corresponding author
Correspondence to Dong Keon Yon.

Abstract

Ischemic heart disease (IHD) remains a leading cause of death worldwide, with dietary risks being its most significant modifiable factor. Here, using the Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries and Risk Factors Study 2023, we estimated the mortality and disability-adjusted life years from diet-related IHD across 204 countries. In 2023, a suboptimal diet was responsible for 4.06 million (95% uncertainty interval (UI) 0.74–6.22) IHD deaths and 96.84 million (18.82–142.52) IHD disability-adjusted life years. The global age-standardized death rate of IHD attributable to suboptimal diet decreased by 43.92% (95% UI 34.44–53.23) per 100,000 population from 1990 to 2023. Among dietary factors, low intake of nuts and seeds (9.87, 95% UI 2.84–17.12 deaths per 100,000 population), low whole grains (9.22, 4.73–13.67), low fruits (7.25, 1.54–13.34) and high sodium (7.15, 0.92–17.97) were primary contributors to IHD deaths. The burden was particularly pronounced in low- and middle-sociodemographic index countries. By disentangling dietary risk factors, we identified the portion of IHD burden directly modifiable through food interventions.

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