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Nat. Commun., 05 February 2026 | https://doi.org/10.1038/s41467-026-69204-7 Early diagnosis of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma by signal-enhanced lateral flow immunoassay: SELFI

Sohyeon Jang,^1†, Minsup Shin,^1†, Jiseok Han,^2†, Han-Joo Bae,¹, Yuna Youn,³, Hye-Seong Cho,¹, Kwanghee Yoo,¹, Jun-Sik Chu,¹, Jaehyun An,⁴, Geunhyeong An,⁵, Hyejin Chang,⁵, Jin-Hyeok Hwang,^3,6, Jaehi Kim,^1*, Jihwan Song,^2*, Jong-chan Lee,^3,6*, Luke P. Lee,^7,8,9,10* and Bong-Hyun Jun^1*

¹Department of Bioscience and Biotechnology, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Republic of Korea
²Department of Mechanical Engineering, Hanbat National University, Daejeon 34158, Republic of Korea
³Department of Internal Medicine, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seongnam 13620, Republic of Korea
⁴Company of BioSquare, Hwaseong 18449, Republic of Korea
⁵Division of Science Education, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
⁶College of Medicine, Seoul National University, Seoul 08826, Republic of Korea
⁷Harvard Medical School, Harvard University; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
⁸Department of Bioengineering, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
⁹Department of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
¹⁰Korea Biomedical Institute for Global Health Research and Technology (K-BIGHEART), Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), Pohang 37673, Republic of Korea

^†These authors contributed equally to this work.
^*Correspondence: B.-H. Jun; J. Kim; J. Song; J.-C. Lee; L.P.Lee

Abstract

Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) has a relatively low incidence but a high mortality rate, primarily due to difficulties in early detection. Current state-of-the-art methods for diagnosing early-stage PDAC tend to be invasive, time-consuming, and unreliable, primarily due to the difficulties associated with the early detection of pancreatic cancers. Here we show a quick and sensitive method for the early diagnosis of PDAC using a signal-enhanced lateral flow immunoassay called SELFI. We develop SELFI, which generates a strong colorimetric signal through multiple hotspots formed by plasmonic gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) assembled on a silica nanoparticle. Our SELFI assay achieves a 10,123-fold increase in the limit of detection compared to conventional lateral flow immunoassays using 20 nm AuNPs, providing results within 15 min. We demonstrate that SELFI enables early diagnosis of PDAC, as indicated by a receiver operating characteristic curve and a larger area under the curve compared to the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. SELFI’s effective diagnostic features can enhance the timely identification of PDAC and may also serve in the early diagnosis of a range of other diseases.

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