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Int. J. Mol. Sci., Apr 26 2021, 22 (9) 4495 | https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms22094495 Metabolic Spectrum of Liver Failure in Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity: From NAFLD to NASH to HCC

Hyunmi Kim ^{1 2 †}, Da Som Lee ^{1 †}, Tae Hyeon An ^{1 2 †}, Hyun-Ju Park ^{1 2}, Won Kon Kim ^{1 2}, Kwang-Hee Bae ^{1 2 *}, Kyoung-Jin Oh ^{1 2 *}

¹Metabolic Regulation Research Center, Korea Research Institute of Bioscience and Biotechnology (KRIBB), 125 Gwahak-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.
²Department of Functional Genomics, KRIBB School of Bioscience, Korea University of Science and Technology (UST), 217 Gajeong-ro, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon 34141, Korea.

^†These authors contributed equally to this work.
^*Corresponding authors: correspondence to Kwang-Hee Bae or Kyoung-Jin Oh

Abstract

Liver disease is the spectrum of liver damage ranging from simple steatosis called as nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) to hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). Clinically, NAFLD and type 2 diabetes coexist. Type 2 diabetes contributes to biological processes driving the severity of NAFLD, the primary cause for development of chronic liver diseases. In the last 20 years, the rate of non-viral NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC has been increasing rapidly. As there are currently no suitable drugs for treatment of NAFLD and NASH, a class of thiazolidinediones (TZDs) drugs for the treatment of type 2 diabetes is sometimes used to improve liver failure despite the risk of side effects. Therefore, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of the development and progression of NAFLD and NASH are important issues. In this review, we will discuss the pathogenesis of NAFLD/NASH and NAFLD/NASH-derived HCC and the current promising pharmacological therapies of NAFLD/NASH. Further, we will provide insights into "adipose-derived adipokines" and "liver-derived hepatokines" as diagnostic and therapeutic targets from NAFLD to HCC.

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