Kiho Im¹, Jong-Min Lee^1,*, Oliver Lyttelton², Sun Hyung Kim¹, Alan C. Evans² and Sun I. Kim^1
 
1Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, 133-605 South Korea 
²McConnell Brain Imaging Centre, Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, H3A 2B4 Canada

^*correspondence to Jong-Min Lee, Department of Biomedical Engineering, Hanyang University, PO Box 55, Sungdong, Seoul 133-605, South Korea.

Abstract
We investigated the scale relationship between size and cortical structure of human brains in a large sample of magnetic resonance imaging data. Cortical structure was estimated with several measures (cortical volume, surface area, and thickness, sulcal depth, and absolute mean curvature in sulcal regions and sulcal walls) using three-dimensional surface-based methods in 148 normal subjects (n [men/women]: 83/65, age [mean ± standard deviation]: 25.0 ± 4.9 years). We found significantly larger scaling exponents than geometrically predicted for cortical surface area, absolute mean curvature in sulcal regions and in sulcal walls, and smaller ones for cortical volume and thickness. As brain size increases, the cortex thickens only slightly, but the degree of sulcal convolution increases dramatically, indicating that human cortices are not simply scaled versions of one another. Our results are consistent with previous hypotheses that greater local clustering of interneuronal connections would be required in a larger brain, and fiber tension between local cortical areas would induce cortical folds. We suggest that sex effects are explained by brain size effects in cortical structure at a macroscopic and lobar regional level, and that it is necessary to consider true relationships between cortical measures and brain size due to the limitations of linear stereotaxic normalization.

Key words : cortical thickness, MRI, scaling exponent, sex effect, sulcal convolution, sulcal depth