1. Can you please briefly summarize the paper? 

In this cross-sectional observational study, we have identified differential gut microbial biomarkers discriminating between cirrhosis patients with compensated and decompensated condition, that could predict cirrhosis severity progression and complications establishment. The systematic analysis approach of fecal microbial diversity at the species level revealed significant associations with conventional clinical markers. We took a new unique approach to encompass wide range liver cirrhosis-related complications, we conducted a multi-group analysis based on the presence or absence of complications. Our initial findings aligned with previous studies, which validating our results. Notably, depleted microbial species in cirrhosis patients showed higher AUROC values than increased species when compared to healthy controls. This study identified complication-specific bacterial species as robust prognostic markers for the transition from compensated to more critical decompensated cirrhosis. Additionally, we pinpointed differential biomarkers between healthy individuals and cirrhosis patients, with specific bacterial species showing potential as biomarkers, particularly in cirrhosis and encephalopathy. Significant differences in fecal metabolites were observed between healthy controls and cirrhosis patients, with five metabolites showing high diagnostic ability. The study highlights the correlation between clinical biomarkers of cirrhosis and identified microbial and metabolic biomarkers, with clinical and microbial markers exhibiting superior correlations. Decreases in gut microbial species were more relevant to cirrhosis than enriched species, underscoring their significance in understanding cirrhosis progression.

2. Can you please tell us the main difficulties you had in the laboratory work and how you overcame them?

In undertaking this work, I encountered significant challenges due to my limited prior exposure to the fields of liver diseases and epidemiological data science. As a medical microbiologist, hepatology represented a novel area of research for me, and the integration of complex data analytics further compounded these difficulties. However, my strong motivation to uncover unique insights in this scientific domain propelled me forward. To overcome these challenges, I adopted a disciplined approach, dedicating additional time and effort to daily learning and skill acquisition. This included extensive reading, attending relevant workshops, and seeking mentorship from experts in the field. The collaborative environment and the unwavering support from my colleagues and mentors were invaluable, providing guidance and encouragement throughout the process. This collective effort enabled me to surmount the initial hurdles and contribute meaningfully to the research.

3. Please introduce your laboratory, university or organization to bio-researchers in Korea.

The Institute for Liver and Digestive Diseases (ILDD) at Hallym University, established in June 2009, achieved the status of Key Research Institute in June 2020 due to its significant accomplishments in clinical and translational research. Our mission is to develop innovative diagnostic and therapeutic technologies utilizing the intestinal microbiome and its metabolites, which we believe will revolutionize medicine. Since the Human Microbiome Project in 2007, numerous studies have linked the intestinal microbiome to liver, neuropsychiatric diseases, and cancers. Evidence is mounting that intestinal microbiota and their metabolites could become future treatment modalities. This advancement may shift the understanding of non-communicable diseases like obesity, diabetes, and hypertension to being influenced by intestinal microbes. As a Key Research Institute, our primary goal is to train future researchers in translational medicine, fostering collaboration with global experts in the intestinal microbiome. We are committed to supporting our graduate students and research scientists in their professional development.

4. Please tell us your experiences and your thoughts related to research activities abroad.

My experience transitioning from research in India to Korea has been profoundly enriching. In Korea, the emphasis on cutting-edge technology and rigorous scientific methodologies stands out. The collaborative work culture here fosters innovation and interdisciplinary research. Both cultures value scientific excellence, but Korea's structured approach and substantial funding opportunities have significantly enhanced my research capabilities. This cross-cultural experience has broadened my perspective, underscoring the importance of adaptability and global collaboration in advancing scientific knowledge.

5. Can you provide some advice for younger scientists who have plans to study abroad?

For younger scientists planning to study abroad, I would offer the following advice based on my personal experience and observations:

1. Embrace cultural differences: Be open-minded and willing to adapt to new cultural norms, both in social settings and academic environments. This flexibility will enhance your overall experience and professional growth.

2. Research your destination: Thoroughly investigate potential host institutions, their research strengths, and available resources. Align your research interests with institutions that can best support your goals.

3. Network proactively: Attend conferences, seminars, and workshops to build a global network of peers and mentors. These connections can be invaluable for future collaborations and career opportunities.

4. Seek funding opportunities: Explore scholarships, grants, and fellowships specific to international students in your field. Start this process early, as applications can be time-consuming.

5. Develop interdisciplinary skills: Many cutting-edge research areas are at the intersection of multiple disciplines. Broaden your skill set to increase your adaptability and research potential.

6. Stay connected with your home country: Maintain professional ties with your home institution or research community. These connections can be valuable for future collaborations or upon your return.

7. Be prepared for challenges: Studying abroad can be challenging. Develop resilience and problem-solving skills to navigate unfamiliar situations effectively.

6. Future plan?

My and our research team future research plans on the gut microbiome and liver diseases is poised to explore several promising avenues, particularly in understanding the mechanisms linking gut microbiota to liver pathologies such as hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) and chronic liver disease. One key area of focus will be elucidating the causal relationships between specific microbial populations and liver disease progression, building on the foundational work that has established associations. This includes investigating how dysbiosis and increased microbial translocation contribute to liver inflammation and carcinogenesis, potentially leading to novel therapeutic strategies that target the gut-liver axis. Another important direction for our future studies is to develop microbiome-targeted interventions, such as probiotics, prebiotics, and dietary modifications, to restore microbial balance and mitigate liver disease outcomes.

7. Do you have anything else that you would like to tell Korean scientists and students?

Korean scientists and students have demonstrated remarkable adaptability and openness in collaborating with foreign researchers. Korean scientists and student’s commitment to excellence and innovation creates an enriching environment for international partnerships. Continue to foster this inclusive atmosphere by embracing diverse perspectives and communication styles. Encourage more informal interactions to strengthen relationships beyond the lab. By maintaining your curiosity and respect for different approaches, Korean scientists and student’s can contribute significantly to advancing science worldwide. Your dedication to international cooperation sets a positive example for the global scientific community.