1. Can you please briefly summarize the paper? 

Microplastics (MPs) are tiny particles (< 5 mm) that are now seen as a big environmental threat and health risk. They’ve been found everywhere-oceans, drinking water, food, you name it. Previous studies show that the potential global exposure of infants up to 12 months of age in 48 regions range are from 14,600-4,550,000 MP particles per capita per day where the stool of adults confirmed presence of microplastic. These MPs are in seafood and can carry harmful chemicals. We have previously tracked the Cu-64 labelled polystyrene in mice and was stunned by the degree of its biodistribution including brain and delayed excretion across the whole system. Polyethylene is among the most abundant microplastics. The inner ear is located deep within the skull and is crucial for hearing and balance. Between the late 1980s and mid-2000s, hearing loss among U.S. teenagers increased from about 15% to 20%. Exposure to noise, chemicals, and metals is known to contribute to hearing and balance disorders. So we looked into whether microplastic polyethylene (PE) affects hearing and inner ear function. We used young mice and split them into two groups: one group got a daily dose of PE, and the other didn’t. After 4 months, we found PE had accumulated in the mice's ears, with small PE fragments detected. The PER1, NR4A3, CEBPB genes were more active in the PE-exposed ear tissues and these genes were linked with cell apoptosis, inflammation. The PE group showed balance related issues and higher hearing thresholds, meaning they had trouble hearing. Additionally, glucose metabolism was decreased in specific brain regions related to hearing. From the set of experiments conducted to test these factors we concluded that, PE exposure led to hearing loss and balance disorders in the mice.

2. Can you please tell us the main difficulties you had in the laboratory work and how you overcame them?

In my laboratory work, I faced challenges with collecting and perfusing the inner ear. The process was tricky due to the delicate nature of the inner ear tissues and the need for precise techniques to avoid damage. The small size and intricate structure of the inner ear made it difficult to handle and perfuse effectively, which could compromise the quality of the samples. Fortunately, with the expertise of Dr. Hoosun Lee, I was able to overcome these hurdles. Dr. Lee provided invaluable guidance on the best practices for inner ear extraction and perfusion. Additionally, there were difficulties in training the animals for behavioral studies. Training mice to perform specific tasks and respond to stimuli reliably was a complex and time-consuming process. Like in balance beam test the mice need to respond to the food attraction towards the end of the beam, and the mice walk on the beam can be recorded to figure out the slips and balance. During initial training session the mice will not move on beam or move in opposite directions. However, with the training session the mice were able to do it.

3. Please introduce your laboratory, university or organization to bio-researchers in Korea.

I have worked under Prof. Kim Jin Su expertise in the Division of RI, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences (KIRAMS). The University is Korea National University of Science and Technology (UST). Our lab specializes in studying the distribution and long-term toxicity of environmental pollutants using mouse models. We focus particularly on microplastics and other pollutants, which are major concerns in recent environmental reports. We use a variety of radio-isotopes, including Copper-64, Zirconium-89, Technetium-99m, F-18, and I-123/124/125, for detailed bio-distribution studies, thanks to KIRAMS’ advanced radio-isotope production capabilities. We also benefit from a radio-labelling facility, which enables us to create new radiopharmaceuticals using isotopes such as I-131, Lu-177, At-211, and Ac-225. These isotopes are crucial for targeting specific cancer cells and enhancing treatment effectiveness. We want to develop the RIT for solid tumor. So, our lab is engaged in combining radioimmunotherapy with candidate compound for treatments of solid tumors and additionally utilizing mathematical modeling to predict the treatment response. KIRAMS offers an outstanding research environment with access to advanced small-animal imaging technologies like PET-CT, SPECT-CT, and MRI, as well as a well-equipped molecular biology lab. We have well setup animal facility to conduct animal experiments. The comprehensive setup provides excellent opportunities for young scientists to advance their research in nuclear medicine and radiochemistry.

4. Please tell us your experiences and your thoughts related to research activities abroad.

Transitioning from a clinical background to molecular and interdisciplinary research in Korea has been transformative. Initially challenging, it required learning new skills and complex concepts, but the experience has been immensely rewarding. Conducting research abroad subjected me to cutting-edge molecular techniques, deepening my understanding of disease mechanisms and innovative treatments. My PI Prof. Kim have collaborated with scientists from various fields and has connected us with the expertise have broadened my perspective, highlighting the power of interdisciplinary approaches in solving complex scientific problems. Engaging with an international research community provided valuable insights and emphasized the importance of knowledge sharing.

5. Can you provide some advice for younger scientists who have plans to study abroad?

As a student planning to study abroad in Korea, it's essential to immerse yourself in both the local research culture and broader societal context. Korean research environments often emphasize rigorous methodologies and teamwork, so gain knowledge about the projects, explore local research trends, particularly in areas where Korea excels. Leverage your cultural experiences to enrich your research. Seek mentorship not only from academics but also from professionals in Korea's, who can offer practical insights and career advice. Be prepared to adapt your research methods to fit in the context. Maintaining a healthy work-life balance while studying abroad in Korea is challenging but key to both personal well-being and academic success. Set clear boundaries for work and personal time to ensure you have time to relax and explore. Use time management tools to organize tasks effectively.

6. Future plan?

As a postdoctoral researcher, I plan to further deepen my expertise in molecular and interdisciplinary research. I am interested in pursuing a position that combines clinical trials with research, ideally in an academic or research institution. This role would allow me to bridge the gap between laboratory discoveries and practical applications in clinical settings, enhancing both patient outcomes and scientific knowledge.

7. Do you have anything else that you would like to tell Korean scientists and students?

Future scientists and aspiring researchers have a unique opportunity to make profound contributions to society, shaping the future through groundbreaking discoveries and advancements. 화이팅!"/"Hwaiting. The Korean term itself embodies a spirit of perseverance and encouragement. Be persistence, It does not matter how slow you go as long as you do not stop. You can do it ! Best of Luck.