1. 논문관련 분야의 소개, 동향, 전망을 설명, 연구과정에서 생긴 에피소드

 In our recent study, we comprehensively explored an intricate cellular structure formed by the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and mitochondria, known as mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). The primary goal was to understand how changes in these MAMs might affect the balance of a crucial ion, calcium, within nerve cells.

 Through a comprehensive exploration of the entire human kinase library, we discovered that a protein called casein kinase 2 alpha 1 (CK2A1) plays a key role in regulating the makeup and calcium transport function of MAMs. We also found that certain changes or mutations in another protein called PACS2, linked to Developmental and Epileptic Encephalopathy-66, a neurological disorder, can damage MAMs. Abnormal MAM structures could reduce the amount of calcium absorbed by the mitochondria and lead to an increase in calcium level in the neuron, causing an over-release of neurotransmitters in part of the neuron known as the 'axon bouton'. This could provide us with a new understanding of how genetic changes can lead to diseases by altering calcium signaling in neurons. However, further research is needed to confirm how these molecular phenomena translate into larger-scale clinical or behavioral effects. Future research could also aim to investigate the interplay of other proteins and kinases in regulating MAMs further to decode the effects of MAMs in neuronal systems.

2. 연구를 진행했던 소속기관 또는 연구소에 대해 소개 부탁드립니다.

 This paper represents a collaboration between experts from the Department of Life Sciences at Pohang University of Science and Technology (POSTECH), the College of Pharmacy at Seoul National University, and the Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacogenomics Research Center at Inje University College of Medicine. Prof. Nguyen Phuoc Long, the co-lead author, excels in translational and clinical sciences using multi-omics-based strategies. He is well known for his work in elucidating the molecular mechanisms of human diseases and drug toxicity and developing personalized treatment strategies. His work has been featured in many high-impact journals, and his leadership and collaborative skills are a great addition to our research team.

 Moreover, our work was carried out under the expert guidance of Prof. Sang Ki Park, a distinguished scholar in the field of life sciences. Professor Park presently serves as the director and faculty member in the Department of Life Sciences at POSTECH, where he engages in innovative research in the intricate mechanisms underlying neurodevelopment disorders, mental illness, and mitochondria-associated ER membranes (MAMs). His research unveiled the significant involvement of MAMs in the neural basis of various mental illnesses, such as schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and neurodevelopment disorders. Our research benefitted from his establishment and application of pioneering techniques and unique models to study MAMs and their related disorders. These efforts have led to the discovery of new treatment methods for these diseases. His extensive list of published papers in leading journals and numerous awards illustrates his significant contribution to science and society.

3. 연구 활동 하시면서 평소 느끼신 점 또는 자부심, 보람

 My journey at POSTECH as a Ph.D. candidate has been meaningful. I've always been driven by the desire to understand the function of mitochondria and other organelles in neuropsychiatric disorders. It's been a satisfying experience to use my analytical and creative skills to discover new treatments and diagnostic methods. My research centers on the dysfunction of membrane contact sites (MCS) between different organelles and their role in neuropsychiatric disorders. The recognition of my work by my colleagues, supervisors, and the scientific community not only validates my efforts but encourages me to continue exploring. The most rewarding aspect is envisioning how my findings could potentially improve the diagnosis and treatment of neuropsychiatric disorders, thus improving many people's lives. Nonetheless, there's still much to learn and many more breakthroughs to make on this journey.

4. 이 분야로 진학하려는 후배들 또는 유학준비생들에게 도움이 되는 말씀을 해 주신다면?

 For both juniors entering biomedical research and students preparing to study abroad, it is critical to consistently update knowledge in their respective fields, gain practical experience, and develop communication skills. Building a solid relationship with seniors and professors, and networking with established researchers can open up new opportunities. For those studying abroad, thorough research on the chosen institution's culture, surroundings, and mentoring methodology will be highly beneficial.

5. 연구 활동과 관련된 앞으로의 계획이 있으시다면?

 For future research, I want to identify the molecular mechanisms and factors that modulate the formation and dynamics of membrane contact sites (MCS), and how they are altered by genetic or environmental factors associated with neuropsychiatric disorders. Finally, to develop novel diagnostic and therapeutic strategies based on targeting MCS or their components to restore inter-organellar homeostasis and prevent or reverse the neuronal damage caused by neuropsychiatric disorders.