1. Can you please briefly summarize the paper?

By combining coaxial electrospinning with laboratory cell-conditioning, we successfully developed a functional, small-diameter vascular graft that overcomes the typical clotting risks of synthetic implants. We engineered a core-shell fibrous structure using a strong polycaprolactone core for structural integrity and wrapped it in a cardiac extracellular matrix shell to provide crucial biological cues.

The graft was seeded with mesenchymal stem cells and placed into a perfusion system. By gradually ramping up fluid flow and shear stress along with growth factor supplements, we induced these cells to organize into a continuous inner cellular lining like an endothelial monolayer. RNA sequencing confirmed that this chemical-mechanical stimulation successfully triggered genetic pathways essential for endothelial differentiation.

When we implanted these pre-cellularized grafts in the rat abdominal aorta, we achieved a 100% patency rate, with no blockages or clotting observed. Within a month, the host tissue effectively integrated the implant, forming a natural endothelial layer and organized smooth muscle walls. Furthermore, the material prompted local immune cells to shift into a pro-healing state, preventing rejection.

2. Can you please tell us the main difficulties you had in the laboratory work and how you overcame them?

During the dynamic cell culture phase, our primary hurdle was to cellularize the whole tubular graft without killing the cells. Mesenchymal stem cells are notoriously sensitive to sudden environmental shifts; if we introduced them directly to high fluid forces, the friction (shear stress) would detach them from the graft wall or shred them entirely.

To overcome this, we developed a gradual conditioning protocol inside the perfusion bioreactor. Instead of starting at high velocity, we began with a very low, gentle fluid flow to let the cells firmly adhere to the cardiac extracellular matrix (cECM) shell. Over the course of several days, we incrementally ramped up the flow rate and pressure. This stepwise training allowed the cells to slowly adapt, flatten, and lock themselves into a highly stable, continuous lining that could withstand natural circulatory forces.

3. Please introduce your laboratory, university or organization to bio-researchers in Korea.

I am representing the Institute of Tissue Regeneration (ITR) (http://schm.my-web.kr/) at Soonchunhyang University (SCH), led by Professor Byong-Taek Lee.
Located in Cheonan, South Korea, our research group sits at the forefront of regenerative medicine and biomaterials development. Our core focus centers on tackling major translational hurdles in cardiovascular, kidney, skin, and orthopedic surgery by creating highly sophisticated, biomimetic scaffolds.

4. Please tell us your experiences and your thoughts related to research activities abroad.

My research experience abroad includes my current work at the University of Cambridge, UK, and my PhD at Soonchunhyang University, South Korea. These environments strengthened my expertise in biomaterials and regenerative medicine while enhancing my interdisciplinary collaboration, research independence, and translational focus. ITR provided me with all the facilities and freedom to conduct my research. Cambridge further refined my skills in advanced biomedical research within a world-class setting. I do believe South Korea is an excellent country to do advanced research, and the research culture and ethics are of high standards.

5. Can you provide some advice for younger scientists who have plans to study abroad?

For students planning to study abroad, I would advise building strong fundamentals in your field while also improving scientific writing and presentation skills. Build international networks and collaborate broadly, as these connections often become long-term scientific opportunities. Attending international conferences is a nice way to build a network. Finally, actively ask questions and seek feedback, even if it feels uncomfortable at first.

6. Future plan?

Currently, I am working as co-leader of British Heart Foundation-funded translational research. We are conducting a preclinical study of hemodialysis arteriovenous graft with the aim of developing a spin-off company. So, I am learning how to follow ISO guidelines and the process of getting FDA approval. After finishing this project, I aim to join as a faculty member in a top-class institute.

7. Do you have anything else that you would like to tell Korean scientists and students?

Keep pushing the boundaries! South Korea has established a world-class, incredibly fast-paced research infrastructure. By combining that unique national drive with an openness to international collaboration and patience for the scientific process, your work will directly shape the future of Tissue engineering globally.